A pyrimidine (DNA building block) that is elevated in the genetic disease dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency. In this genetic disease, the pyrimidine uracil is also elevated.

- Thymine is one of the five bases used to build nucleic acids.
- It is also known as 5-methyluracil or by the abbreviations T or Thy.
- Thymine is found in DNA, where it pairs with adenine via two hydrogen bonds. In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil.

Thyroglobulin is the protein precursor of thyroid hormone and is made by normal well differentiated benign thyroid cells or thyroid cancer cells.

What is the Thyroglobulin Antibody test?

→ A thyroglobulin antibody test looks for certain antibodies that attack the thyroid. The presence of thyroglobulin antibodies may indicate an autoimmune condition.

→ A thyroglobulin antibody test is used to determine if you have an underlying thyroid issue.

→ Your healthcare provider may decide to order a thyroglobulin antibody test (which can also be called an antithyroglobulin antibody test or thyroid antibody test) to evaluate the level of antibodies present in your bloodstream.

Thyroid antibodies are destructive to the thyroglobulin protein, so your healthcare provider may order a thyroglobulin antibody test to gain a clearer understanding of what could be causing you to feel unwell. 

You may need a thyroid antibody test if you have symptoms of Hashimoto's disease or Graves' disease. But first, your provider will usually order blood tests to check your thyroid hormone levels to see if you have hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone tests include T3, T4, and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone).

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a protein produced by the thyroid gland and plays a key role in the production of thyroid hormones. Measuring thyroglobulin levels can be an important diagnostic tool, particularly for individuals with thyroid cancer or other thyroid-related conditions. One of the most reliable methods for testing thyroglobulin levels is through Radioimmunoassay (RIA).

Function:

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a glycoprotein formed by two identical subunits. Tg is synthesized in thyrocytes and released into thyroid follicles where it is most abundant. Tg plays the main role in coupling of iodinized tyrosine residues to form hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), through its specific sites. In order to release these hormones, the thyroid gland has to reabsorb the Tg droplets from the follicular lumen into folicular cells. A small fraction of Tg (around 100 mcg) is released from thyroid on a daily basis.

Antibodies Appear:

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease [1, 2, 3]

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis [1, 2, 3]

Graves’ Disease [1, 2]

Known Cross-Reactions:

Thyroid peroxidase, [4] heat shock protein, [5] Latex hevein [6]

Function:

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid that frees iodine for its addition onto thyroglobulin tyrosine residues for the production of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid hormones.

Some TPO antibodies may lyse thyroid cells or inhibit TPO enzyme activity, in vitro [2, 7] but in general it is considered an antibody response to thyroid damage inflicted by T-Cells.

Antibodies Appear:

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease [1, 3, 5, 6]

Graves’ Disease [3]

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis [2]

Vitiligo [3, 4]

Known Cross-Reactions:

Thyroglobulin, [9]

Gliadin, [10]

Helicobacter pylori, [11]

heat shock protein [12]

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme that is critical for to thyroid hormone synthesis in the thyroid gland. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies bind to and block the action of TPO, resulting in decreases in thyroid hormone levels. The presence of TPO antibodies in the blood is abnormal and usually indicates thyroid disease. The thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies test is usually ordered after thyroid abnormalities have been detected with some other type of testing, such as TSH and free T4. It is usually ordered with thyroglobulin antibody testing.

Function:

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid that frees iodine for its addition onto thyroglobulin tyrosine residues for the production of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid hormones. Some TPO antibodies may lyse thyroid cells or inhibit TPO enzyme activity, in vitro [2, 7] but in general it is considered an antibody response to thyroid damage inflicted by T-Cells.

Antibodies Appear:

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease [1, 3, 5, 6]

Graves’ Disease (an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones) [3]

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (can cause your thyroid to not make enough thyroid hormone.)[2]

Vitiligo [a chronic (long-lasting) autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or color.] [3, 4]

Known Cross-Reactions:

- Thyroglobulin, [9]

- gliadin, [10]

- Helicobacter pylori, [11]

- heat shock protein [12]

The measurement of thyroid stimulating autoantibodies, in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory findings, is used as an aid in the diagnosis of patients suspected of having Graves' disease.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is one of the most important hormones currently used to diagnose thyroid abnormalities. This glycoprotein is secreted by the pituitary and stimulates release of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from the thyroid gland.

TSH release from the pituitary is controlled by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation and negative feedback from free T3 and free T4.

The Thyrotropin Receptor Ab test detects the autoantibody that's associated with Graves' disease. An antibody is a specialized protein made by your immune system. Antibodies are custom made to kill pathogens in your body, such as viruses or bacteria.

Thyrotropin is also called thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH. TSH binds to receptors on the thyroid gland to tell it to produce thyroid hormone. The thyrotropin receptor antibody mimics TSH, so when it's present, it directs the thyroid to keep releasing hormone when your body doesn't need it. That results in high levels of thyroid hormones, which is what causes symptoms. If the thyrotropin receptor antibody is present, it's an indicator of Graves' disease.

Thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) is produced in the liver and is the primary circulating (transport) protein that binds thyroid hormones3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and carries them in the bloodstream.

Thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) is produced in the liver and is the primary circulating (transport) protein that binds thyroid hormones3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and carries them in the bloodstream.

What is Tickborne Encephalitis Virus – IgG?

Tickborne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) is a virus that causes tickborne encephalitis (TBE)—a serious infection affecting the brain and central nervous system. TBEV is transmitted through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks, and is most commonly found in parts of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Northern and Eastern Asia.

The IgG antibody test for TBEV detects long-term immune response to the virus. IgG antibodies typically develop several weeks after infection or vaccination and can remain in the bloodstream for months or years, indicating past exposure, recovery from infection, or prior vaccination.

What is Tickborne Encephalitis Virus – IgM?

Tickborne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) is a virus that causes tickborne encephalitis (TBE), a potentially serious illness affecting the brain and central nervous system. TBEV is spread through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks and is most common in parts of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and northern and eastern Asia.

The IgM antibody test detects the body’s initial immune response to the virus. IgM antibodies are the first type produced by the immune system after exposure to an infection—usually appearing within 1 to 2 weeks. Because of this, an elevated IgM level typically indicates a recent or active infection with TBEV.

What Does a Medium Result Mean?

A medium IgM result indicates a moderate level of early antibodies, which may reflect:

• An early stage of infection, where the immune response is still increasing

• A declining IgM response, as the body transitions to producing longer-term IgG antibodies

• A borderline or nonspecific response, which may require confirmation with additional testing

Medium results should be interpreted alongside clinical symptoms, travel or exposure history, and other tests such as TBEV IgG or PCR.