SOURCES:

Fish, shellfish, plants, cigarettes, soil, air, water, electronic devices, switches and closures for the semi-conductor industry, glass for medical procedures.

NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS:

Some of its toxic effects results from interference with biological functions of potassium.

Severe, painful neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms occur from thallium poisoning; alopecia is the most characteristic sign, as it is coupled with a black pigment at the hair root. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea have been reported. Thallium exposure may occur due to soil contamination with thallium-containing pesticides although they have been banned since 1972. Specimens used for thallium detection include urine, which is the main route of excretion, and hair. Blood levels have been measured, but thallium is rapidly cleared, so exposure must be acute to achieve accurate results. Treatment for high thallium levels include Prussian blue, DMSA, or activated charcoal for ingested thallium. BAL, D-penicillamine and EDTA are contraindicated.

SOURCES:

Fish, shellfish, plants, cigarettes, soil, air, water, electronic devices, switches and closures for the semi-conductor industry, glass for medical procedures.

NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS:

Some of its toxic effects results from interference with biological functions of potassium.

SOURCES:

Fish, shellfish, plants, cigarettes, soil, air, water, electronic devices, switches and closures for the semi-conductor industry, glass for medical procedures.

NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS:

Some of its toxic effects results from interference with biological functions of potassium.

Fecal thallium (Tl) provides an indication of Tl that has been excreted from the body in bile, and to a lesser extent recent oral exposure to the element. The biliary fecal route is the primary route of Tl excretion from the body, although about 35% is excreted in urine. Tl is rapidly and near completely absorbed when ingested, inhaled or brought into contact with skin.

Thallium is a highly toxic heavy metal which is generally tasteless and odorless, and doesn’t have physiological functions in the body.

Thallium (Tl) is a highly toxic element which, like lead and mercury, accumulates in many body tissues. Hair levels reflect chronic accumulation of Tl, but alopecia occurs about two weeks after ACUTE Tl poisoning. Thallium occurs naturally in some minerals, and magmatic and sedimentary rock, consequently in soil, water, and air. Industrially, Tl is used in lenses and prisms, as an alloy with mercury in low temperature thermometers, and in the preparation of high density liquids.

Sources:

Fish, shellfish, plants, cigarettes, soil, air, water, electronic devices, switches and closures for the semiconductor industry, glass for medical procedures.

Nutrient interactions:

Some of its toxic effects results from interference with biological functions of potassium.

This calculation includes the daily metabolites of cortisol (5-alpha THF, THF) and cortisone (THE) which maybe a better representation of daily cortisol output than measuring cortisol and cortisone alone due to metabolism differences in the liver (with thyroid hormone) and fatty tissues.

This calculation includes the daily metabolites of cortisol (5-alpha THF, THF) and cortisone (THE) which maybe a better representation of daily cortisol output than measuring cortisol and cortisone alone due to metabolism differences in the liver (with thyroid hormone) and fatty tissues.

High levels can indicate increased cortisol secretion or hyperthyroidism.

Low levels may indicate decreased cortisol secretion or hypothyroidism.

Thorium is a naturally occurring element found at very low levels in the air, food and drinking water. It is not easily taken up by your body. It is unlikely that health effects will occur in the general population.

Sources:

Rocks, soil, water, plants, ceramics, gas lantern mantles, metals in the aerospace industry and nuclear reactors reactions, fuel for nuclear energy and mining. 

Nutrient interactions:

unknown

Physiological effects:

Th can damage chromosomes.

Clinical significance:

Exposure may lead to increased risk of certain cancers including gallbladder, liver, and leukemia, as well as cirrhosis. Inhaled Th (mainly among workers exposed to Th dus) can cause lung damage many years after being exposed

Urinary thorium (Th) provides an indication of recent or ongoing exposure to the radioactive metal, and endogenous detoxification to a lesser extent. This test measures Th232 which is the most abundant, naturally occurring radioactive isotope of Th.

Th is found almost everywhere in the earth’s crust, so exposure to small amounts of Th from air, food and water is unavoidable. Th is a naturally occurring radioactive metal that is found at low levels in soil, rocks, water, plants, and animals. Th is almost as abundant in the earth’s crust as lead, and three times more abundant than uranium (U238).