Tryptophan is involved in serotonin production via vitamin B6-dependent pathways resulting in the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP).

5-HTP is often used as a supplement for serotonin formation instead of tryptophan, which can be quickly metabolized in other pathways. Serotonin is further metabolized to melatonin via methylation. Because of these downstream conversions, therapeutic administration of 5-HTP has been shown to be effective for depression, fibromyalgia, binge eating associated with obesity, chronic headaches, and insomnia.

Tryptophan is involved in serotonin production via vitamin B6-dependent pathways resulting in the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP).

5-HTP is often used as a supplement for serotonin formation instead of tryptophan, which can be quickly metabolized in other pathways. Serotonin is further metabolized to melatonin via methylation. Because of these downstream conversions, therapeutic administration of 5-HTP has been shown to be effective for depression, fibromyalgia, binge eating associated with obesity, chronic headaches, and insomnia.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid and the biochemical foundation for serotonin, melatonin, and NAD+ production, linking mood regulation, sleep, immune function, and energy metabolism. On the Neurotransmitter XL panel, it provides insight into how effectively the body converts nutrients into neurotransmitters and cellular energy. Low tryptophan levels—or diversion of tryptophan toward the kynurenine pathway during stress or inflammation—can lead to reduced serotonin and melatonin, resulting in low mood, fatigue, and poor sleep, while also generating neurotoxic metabolites that impair mitochondrial function. Because its metabolism depends on cofactors such as vitamin B6, folate, B12, niacin, iron, and BH4, deficiencies or chronic stress can disrupt tryptophan’s conversion pathways. Interpreted alongside serotonin, kynurenine, NAD+, and neopterin, tryptophan levels offer a window into the biochemical balance between emotional health, inflammation, and mitochondrial energy efficiency.

Tryptophan is involved in serotonin production via vitamin B6-dependent pathways resulting in the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). 5-HTP is often used as a supplement for serotonin formation instead of tryptophan, which can be quickly metabolized in other pathways.

Serotonin is further metabolized to melatonin via methylation.

Because of these downstream conversions, therapeutic administration of 5-HTP has been shown to be effective for depression, fibromyalgia, binge eating associated with obesity, chronic headaches, and insomnia.

Tryptophan is involved in serotonin production via vitamin B6-dependent pathways resulting in the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP).

5-HTP is often used as a supplement for serotonin formation instead of tryptophan, which can be quickly metabolized in other pathways. Serotonin is further metabolized to melatonin via methylation. Because of these downstream conversions, therapeutic administration of 5-HTP has been shown to be effective for depression, fibromyalgia, binge eating associated with obesity, chronic headaches, and insomnia.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid required for the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

Three pathways:

- Kynurenine Pathway (primary pathway) – leading to niacin production

- Serotonin/Melatonin

- Indoles

Tryptophan is involved in serotonin production via vitamin B6-dependent pathways resulting in the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP).

5-HTP is often used as a supplement for serotonin formation instead of tryptophan, which can be quickly metabolized in other pathways. Serotonin is further metabolized to melatonin via methylation. Because of these downstream conversions, therapeutic administration of 5-HTP has been shown to be effective for depression, fibromyalgia, binge eating associated with obesity, chronic headaches, and insomnia.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid required for the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, a subunit in protein molecules and a precursor to serotonin. The brain uses tryptophan to produce serotonin, a neurotransmitter largely responsible for feelings of happiness and well-being.

Tryptophan cannot be synthesised by the body and must be obtained through diet.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, a subunit in protein molecules and a precursor to serotonin. The brain uses tryptophan to produce serotonin, a neurotransmitter largely responsible for feelings of happiness and well-being.

Tryptophan cannot be synthesised by the body and must be obtained through diet.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, a subunit in protein molecules and a precursor to serotonin. The brain uses tryptophan to produce serotonin, a neurotransmitter largely responsible for feelings of happiness and well-being.

Tryptophan cannot be synthesised by the body and must be obtained through diet.

Tryptophane is involved in serotonin production via vitamin B6-dependent pathways resulting in the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP).

5-HTP is often used as a supplement for serotonin formation instead of tryptophan, which can be quickly metabolized in other pathways. Serotonin is further metabolized to melatonin via methylation. Because of these downstream conversions, therapeutic administration of 5-HTP has been shown to be effective for depression, fibromyalgia, binge eating associated with obesity, chronic headaches, and insomnia.

Tryptophan is involved in serotonin production via vitamin B6-dependent pathways resulting in the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP).

5-HTP is often used as a supplement for serotonin formation instead of tryptophan, which can be quickly metabolized in other pathways. Serotonin is further metabolized to melatonin via methylation. Because of these downstream conversions, therapeutic administration of 5-HTP has been shown to be effective for depression, fibromyalgia, binge eating associated with obesity, chronic headaches, and insomnia.

TSH receptor antibodies are antibodies that are often present in the serum of patients with Graves’ disease that are directed against the TSH receptor, often causing stimulation of this receptor with resulting hyperthyroidism.

What is Graves’ disease?

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. Thyroid hormones control the way your body uses energy, so they affect nearly every organ in your body, even the way your heart beats.

TSI stands for thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin. TSIs are antibodies that tell the thyroid gland to become more active and release excess amounts of thyroid hormone into the blood. A TSI test measures the amount of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin in your blood.

The TTG IGA marker is a crucial element in the diagnostic process for celiac disease, offering a high degree of accuracy in identifying this autoimmune disorder. Tissue Transglutaminase (TTG) is an enzyme targeted by the immune system in celiac disease, leading to the production of Immunoglobulin A (IGA) antibodies against it. This specific immune response forms the basis of the TTG IGA test, widely regarded as the first-line screening tool in diagnosing celiac disease. Its effectiveness lies in its ability to detect these antibodies, which are typically elevated in individuals with celiac disease, especially in those who have not yet started a gluten-free diet.