A two-carbon group from Acetyl-CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate to form citric acid. Citric acid is then converted to isocitric acid through a cis-aconitic intermediate using the enzyme aconitase. Aconitase is an iron-sulfate protein that controls iron homeostasis.

Citric acid helps prevent stone formation by binding calcium.

Citrate is a powerful force against calcium stones. It binds calcium in a soluble complex. It interferes with calcium crystal formation and growth. Low urine citrate is a risk factor for new stone onset. Above 400 mg daily there is no extra risk of stones in men or women, so ‘hypocitraturia’ means a urine citrate below 400 mg daily.

Dihydrocitrinone (DHC) is a metabolite of Citrinin (CTN), which is a mycotoxin that is produced by the mold genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus.

Citrinin (CTN) is a mycotoxin that can be detected in a urine test, and its presence often signifies potential exposure to this fungal toxin. Citrinin is primarily produced by various species of molds, particularly Penicillium and Aspergillus, commonly found in food products, such as grains, cereals, and fermented foods like cheese and soy sauce.

Dihydrocitrinone (DHC) is a metabolite of Citrinin (CTN), which is a mycotoxin that is produced by the mold genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus.

Citrobacter spp., a gram-negative bacterium and member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is considered dysbiotic at 3+ or greater. Citrobacter freundii complex (including C. freundii, C. braakii, C. gullenii, C. murliniae, rodentium, C. wermanii, C. youngae, C. koseri and C. farmeri) can cause diarrheal disease.

Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum.

Citrobacter spp., a gram-negative bacterium and member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is considered dysbiotic at 3+ or greater.

Citrobacter freundii complex (including C. freundii, C. braakii, C. gullenii, C. murliniae, rodentium, C. wermanii, C. youngae, C. koseri and C. farmeri, can cause diarrheal disease.

Symptoms are the result of an E. coli-like heat-stable enterotoxin and hydrogen sulfide.

Citrobacter freundii complex has been implicated as a cause of gastrointestinal infection and inflammation, acute dysentery, and dyspepsia.

Citrobacter spp., a gram-negative bacterium and member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is considered dysbiotic at 3+ or greater.

Citrobacter freundii complex (including C. freundii, C. braakii, C. gullenii, C. murliniae, rodentium, C. wermanii, C. youngae, C. koseri and C. farmeri, can cause diarrheal disease.

Symptoms are the result of an E. coli-like heat-stable enterotoxin and hydrogen sulfide.

Citrobacter freundii complex has been implicated as a cause of gastrointestinal infection and inflammation, acute dysentery, and dyspepsia.

- Citrobacter are Gram-negative, nonspore-forming, facultatively anerobic bacilli.

- Citrobacter fall within the Enterobacteriaceae family.

- Citrobacter is considered a commensal bacteria; however, depending on the clinical picture, it is also known to be an opportunistic pathogen.

- Citrobacter species are found in water, soil, food, and commonly in the human intestinal tract.

- Citrobacter infections can also be nosocomial.

- Although considered a commensal, some Citrobacter isolates have virulent toxins, such as Shiga-like toxins, heat-stable toxins, and cholera B toxin B subunit homologs.

- Citrobacter is most often asymptomatic but can cause diarrhea.

Citrobacter species are opportunistic gram-negative bacteria that can inhabit the human gut. While often present in low amounts, elevated levels may be associated with gut dysbiosis, inflammation, and digestive symptoms.

Low levels of Citrobacter species are generally considered a normal finding and consistent with a balanced gut microbiome. At these levels, Citrobacter is unlikely to contribute to digestive symptoms or inflammation.

Citrobacter species are members of the Enterobacteriaceae family that can be part of the normal gut microbiome at low levels. Increases may reflect microbiome imbalance, reduced colonization resistance, or altered gut ecology.

Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum. High levels may indicate increased intestinal inflammatory activity.

Autoimmune Association: Rheumatoid arthritis

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), or herpes type IV, is a DNA virus composed of linear double stranded DNA genome enclosed by a capsid and membrane derived envelope made from a variety of glycoproteins.

The amino acid citrulline gets its name from its high concentration in the watermelon Citrullus vulgaris. In human kidneys, citrulline and aspartic acid are united by argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) to produce arginosuccinate. The degradation of arginosuccinate to fumarate and arginine is a primary mechanism for sustaining plasma levels of arginine. The same enzyme acts in liver cells to complete the urea cycle.

The amino acid citrulline gets its name from its high concentration in the watermelon Citrullus vulgaris. In human kidneys, citrulline and aspartic acid are united by argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) to produce arginosuccinate. The degradation of arginosuccinate to fumarate and arginine is a primary mechanism for sustaining plasma levels of arginine. The same enzyme acts in liver cells to complete the urea cycle.