T-Cell-Specific Protein RANTES is chemotactic for T-cells, human eosinophils and basophils and plays an active role in recruiting leukocytes into inflammatory sites. It also activates the release of proteins from eosinophils such as eosinophilic cationic protein. It changes the density of eosinophils and makes them hypodense, which is thought to represent a state of generalized cell activation and is associated most often with diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis.

The rapid plasma reagin (RPR) is a test used to screen for syphilis. The RPR test measures IgM and IgG antibodies to lipoidal material released from damaged host cells as well as to lipoprotein-like material, and possibly cardiolipin released from the treponemes. 

The von Willebrand Factor Collagen Binding Activity to von Willebrand Factor Antigen ratio (vWF:CB/vWF:Ag) is a critical diagnostic parameter in the evaluation of von Willebrand Disease (VWD). This ratio provides essential information about the functional quality of von Willebrand Factor molecules relative to their quantity in circulation.

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are catecholamine messengers that play important roles in the regulation of diverse physiological systems by acting through adrenergic receptors. 

Optimal: 100-500 when E2 1.3-3.3 pg/mL

This ratio is helpful when both E2 and Pg are within range, yet the patient continues to have symptoms. It is not expected to be normal or used clinically when either E2 and/or Pg are outside of their expected ranges or if the patient does not have clinical symptoms.

Is the ratio relevant in women using hormone therapy?

With some types of hormone therapy such as topical progesterone, Pg levels in saliva are much higher than endogenous luteal phase levels, ranging from 200-3000 pg/mL at 12-24 hours after dosing, and so the ratio can appear high. However, because symptoms of both estrogen dominance and progesterone dominance can look the same, testing and assessing the ratio along with clinical symptoms can help determine the next step for treatment.    

Red Blood Cells (RBC) in the stool may be associated with a parasitic or bacterial infection, or an inflammatory bowel condition such as ulcerative colitis. Colorectal cancer, anal fistulas, and hemorrhoids should also be ruled out.

Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. They also carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs so it can be exhaled. Red blood cells (RBC) are made in the bone marrow and contain hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen to the tissues in the body. These cells are also known as erythrocytes.

Anemia is a condition that results from a decrease in the number of RBCs. Elevated RBC counts are seen in other conditions where there is low oxygen levels, certain drugs, kidney disease, or bone marrow overproduction. If your RBC count results are abnormal, additional tests are usually done to diagnose the cause of the high or low level of red blood cells.

A CBC measures two other components of your red blood cells:

- hemoglobin: oxygen-carrying protein

- hematocrit: percentage of red blood cells in your blood

Abnormal levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or hematocrit may be a sign of anemia, heart disease, or too little iron in your body.

The RBC Distribution Width (RDW) is a crucial parameter for understanding the variation in size among your red blood cells (RBCs). When a Complete Blood Count (CBC) is performed, RDW is measured to assess how much the sizes of red blood cells differ from each other in the sample. It's expressed as a percentage and provides insight into the range of sizes: a higher RDW value indicates a greater variation in size, while a lower value suggests more uniformity. Typically, red blood cells should be fairly uniform in size; deviations can indicate several types of medical conditions. For instance, a high RDW could suggest anemia caused by a deficiency in iron, vitamin B12, or folate. It can also indicate other health issues such as chronic inflammation or liver disease. RDW is often reviewed in conjunction with other CBC parameters, like the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), which measures the average size of the red blood cells. Together, these measurements help doctors diagnose the type of anemia or other underlying conditions, providing a fuller picture of a patient’s health. Understanding RDW can therefore be a vital component in diagnosing and monitoring the progress of treatment for various medical conditions.

In the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the presence and count of red blood cells (RBCs) is a crucial diagnostic marker, particularly when assessed as part of a cell count with differential. Normally, CSF is devoid of RBCs, as it is a clear fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord within the central nervous system (CNS).

O valor do RDW indica se uma quantidade suficiente de suas hemácias possui tamanho e forma normais.

Por Que Isso É Importante?

As hemácias normalmente têm uma forma discóide e achatada, com um diâmetro médio de cerca de 7,5 µm (micrômetros).

Para desempenharem sua função, as hemácias precisam atravessar os menores vasos sanguíneos do corpo, os capilares. Muitas vezes, os capilares são ainda mais estreitos do que as próprias hemácias, podendo ter um diâmetro de apenas 4 µm. Isso significa que as hemácias devem se deformar e “enrolar” para conseguir passar por esses capilares.

A deformação das hemácias é essencial para garantir que o oxigênio seja adequadamente distribuído por todo o corpo.

Entretanto, nem todas as hemácias são formadas de maneira ideal. Isso é normal até certo ponto, considerando que cerca de 2 milhões de hemácias são produzidas por segundo. Geralmente, entre 85% e 89% das hemácias são desenvolvidas corretamente. Hemácias malformadas podem prejudicar esse processo, impactando a eficiência no transporte de oxigênio.

The RDW value tells you whether enough of your red blood cells are of normal size and shape.

Why is this important?

The red blood cells are usually flat and lenticular (disc-shaped) with a diameter of around 7.5 µm (micrometer).

Blood cells must squeeze through the body’s smallest blood vessels, the above described capillaries, to do their job, but capillaries often become narrower than the cells in their normal disc shape. Capillaries can be as small as 4 µm in diameter. So the cells must deform and “curl up” to fit through those capillaries. Remember a normal red blood cell is around 7.5 µm in diameter.

Only when this process of “squeezing” through capillaries can happen, the supply of oxygen is guaranteed throughout the whole body.

Some red blood cells are however not optimally formed. To a certain extent this is normal as there are 2 million red blood cells formed per second. Usually there are around 85% to 89% of red blood cells developed properly.

Red Cell Distribution Width-Standard Deviation (RDW-SD) is a blood test parameter that measures the variability in the size of your red blood cells. It's one of the ways scientists assess the volume and size of red blood cells within a sample. A standard complete blood count (CBC) will often include RDW as it measures many different parts of your blood, including red blood cells. RDW can be reported in different ways, depending on the types of hematology analyzer instruments used, commonly as RDW-CV (Coefficient of Variation) or RDW-SD (Standard Deviation).

The RDW-SD specifically refers to the standard deviation of red blood cell volume, indicating how much the size of red blood cells varies around the average size. Normal RDW-SD levels are typically between 39-46 fL for adults. When the RDW-SD level is higher than normal, it may suggest that there is a significant variation in the size of red blood cells, which can be a symptom of various health conditions, such as anemia, liver disease, or other medical issues.

Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. They also carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs so it can be exhaled. Red blood cells (RBC) are made in the bone marrow and contain hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen to the tissues in the body. These cells are also known as erythrocytes.

Anemia is a condition that results from a decrease in the number of RBCs. Elevated RBC counts are seen in other conditions where there is low oxygen levels, certain drugs, kidney disease, or bone marrow overproduction. If your RBC count results are abnormal, additional tests are usually done to diagnose the cause of the high or low level of red blood cells.

A CBC measures two other components of your red blood cells:

- hemoglobin: oxygen-carrying protein

- hematocrit: percentage of red blood cells in your blood

Abnormal levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or hematocrit may be a sign of anemia, heart disease, or too little iron in your body.

Red blood cells can enter the urine from the vagina in menstruation or from the trauma of bladder catheterization (a procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions).