This fungus has garnered scientific interest due to its presence in the human microbiome and its widespread occurrence in the environment. It plays a role in various biological processes and can have both positive and negative effects on human health, depending on its context and interaction with the host.

The Geotrichum species marker on a gastrointestinal (GI) panel is indicative of the presence and relative abundance of Geotrichum, a genus of fungi, in the gut microbiome. Geotrichum species are commonly found in soil, water, air, and various food products; they are also a part of the normal flora of the skin, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract in humans. In a balanced gut microbiome, the presence of Geotrichum species is typically harmless and may even play a role in the complex ecosystem of the gut. However, an overgrowth or significant presence indicated by a GI panel can have clinical implications.

May cause disease in immunosuppressed patients. Low levels may be a dietary artefact; certain strains are used to make soft cheeses.

The relationship between the levels of Germanium in hair and other tissues has not been established and there is currently no published documentation linking elevated hair Germanium levels to Germanium toxicity. However, recent observations indicate that hair Germanium levels are increased by supplementation/therapeutic use of Germanium compounds.

Giardia infection (giardiasis) is one of the most common causes of waterborne disease in the United States.

Giardia infection (giardiasis) is one of the most common causes of waterborne disease in the United States.

G. duodenalis, a single celled protozoa, is the most frequent cause of non-bacterial diarrhea in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates as many as 2.5 million cases of Giardia infection occur annually in the U.S. Symptomatic individuals may experience diarrhea, abdominal cramps, dehydration, malabsorption, loss of appetite, anemia, and weight loss 1-2 weeks following the ingestion of cysts. Typically symptoms will last 1-2 weeks and infections are self-limiting. Most individuals will be completely asymptomatic. Prevalence of giardiasis in adults has been estimated to be 4-7%. Higher prevalence rates have been reported in children.

G. lamblia is a flagellated protozoan parasite that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine. G. lamblia causes giardiasis. Giardiasis does not spread via the bloodstream, nor does it spread to other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Giardiasis remains in the lumen of the small intestine. Chronic infection with Giardia may abate and the patient could become asymptomatic. Asymptomatic individuals may become reservoirs for spreading the infection. Antibodies against G. lamblia may cross-react with human tissue antigens such as tubulin, actin, actinin, tropomyosin and others. The end result may be autoimmunity against those tissues.

Elevated antibody levels can be clinically significant — while the antibodies themselves don’t destroy anything, they do trigger an inflammatory response that can cause significant destruction of tissue and resulting symptoms. This response is not necessarily dependent on antibody levels. However, an equivocal result may mean you are just beginning to exhibit an immune reaction, so this is an important time to take measures to support the body in damping immune reactivity.