Patulin is a mycotoxin associated with the spoilage of grains, fruits, cheeses, and breads. It is considered the most significant mycotoxin in fruit and fruit juices; important because high-risk populations such as infants, children and the elderly consume these products. 

PBG Deaminase (also called porphobilinogen deaminase, uroporphyrinogen I synthase, or hydroxymethylbilane synthase) is a key enzyme in the heme biosynthesis pathway — the process by which your body makes heme, a vital component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and other important proteins.

Heme is essential for transporting oxygen in the blood and for many cellular processes, including energy production and detoxification. PBG Deaminase is the third enzyme in this pathway and plays a critical role in converting porphobilinogen (PBG) into hydroxymethylbilane, which eventually becomes heme.

The "PBG/Creatinine Ratio" marker found on a Porphobilinogen, Quantitative, Random Urine panel by LabCorp is a crucial test for evaluating the presence and concentration of porphobilinogen (PBG) in urine in relation to creatinine levels. This test is significant for diagnosing and monitoring conditions related to abnormal porphyrin metabolism, such as acute intermittent porphyria, among others. Porphyria refers to a group of disorders that result from a buildup of natural chemicals that produce porphyrin in your body.

Porphobilinogen is a precursor in the biosynthesis of heme, the iron-containing prosthetic group found in hemoglobin. Normally, the body regulates the production of porphobilinogen and other intermediates in the heme production pathway. However, genetic conditions can disrupt this balance, leading to the accumulation of toxic precursors like PBG.

Genes associated with amoxicillin resistance.

The GI-MAP includes results for detection of H. pylori antibiotic resistance genes. If an antibiotic resistance gene is present, then that class of antibiotics is designated POSITIVE for antibiotic resistance. A positive result for the presence of resistance genes for a given antibiotic indicates that the antibiotic is not an ideal choice for an antibiotic protocol. Since microbes can rapidly share DNA under stress, the presence of antibiotic resistance is reason enough to avoid that drug class.

Genes associated with amoxicillin resistance.

The GI-MAP includes results for detection of H. pylori antibiotic resistance genes. If an antibiotic resistance gene is present, then that class of antibiotics is designated POSITIVE for antibiotic resistance. A positive result for the presence of resistance genes for a given antibiotic indicates that the antibiotic is not an ideal choice for an antibiotic protocol. Since microbes can rapidly share DNA under stress, the presence of antibiotic resistance is reason enough to avoid that drug class.

Genes associated with amoxicillin resistance.

The GI-MAP includes results for detection of H. pylori antibiotic resistance genes. If an antibiotic resistance gene is present, then that class of antibiotics is designated POSITIVE for antibiotic resistance. A positive result for the presence of resistance genes for a given antibiotic indicates that the antibiotic is not an ideal choice for an antibiotic protocol. Since microbes can rapidly share DNA under stress, the presence of antibiotic resistance is reason enough to avoid that drug class.

The pCO2 - Arterial marker on Labcorp's Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Panel measures the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in arterial blood. pCO2 is an important indicator of lung function and the body’s ability to remove CO2, a byproduct of metabolism. It plays a key role in regulating blood pH through the bicarbonate buffer system. Abnormal levels of pCO2 can indicate respiratory or metabolic issues: elevated levels (hypercapnia) suggest hypoventilation or respiratory failure, while decreased levels (hypocapnia) may indicate hyperventilation or respiratory alkalosis. Monitoring pCO2 levels helps clinicians assess respiratory efficiency, acid-base balance, and potential underlying conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or kidney dysfunction.

PEA stands for Beta-phenylethylamine and is an excitatory neurotransmitter made from phenylalanine and it modulates neuron voltage potentials to favor glutamate activity and neurotransmitter firing.

PEA stands for Beta-phenylethylamine and is an excitatory neurotransmitter made from phenylalanine and it modulates neuron voltage potentials to favor glutamate activity and neurotransmitter firing.

PEA stands for Beta-phenylethylamine and is an excitatory neurotransmitter made from phenylalanine and it modulates neuron voltage potentials to favor glutamate activity and neurotransmitter firing.

A combined H2 + CH4 increase of 12 ppm or more may be suggestive of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.

Breath analysis standards for abnormal tests are suggested if an increase of 12ppm for Hydrogen (H2), 12ppm for Methane (CH4), or a combined 12ppm for Hydrogen (H2) & Methane (CH4) is detected. Only the treating clinician is able to determine if there are additional factors that could have a material impact on the results of this analysis.

A diagnosis can only be obtained from a medical professional that combines clinical information with the results of this breath analysis.
The results of this Hydrogen (H2) & Methane (CH4) breath test should be utilized as a guideline only.

The marker “Hydrogen increase over baseline by 90 minutes” is a key diagnostic indicator, used to identify excessive hydrogen gas production caused by bacterial fermentation in the small intestine. Normally, hydrogen is produced in minimal amounts in the small bowel, but when bacteria are present in excess—typically due to SIBO—they begin fermenting ingested sugars like lactulose prematurely, releasing hydrogen that is absorbed into the bloodstream and exhaled in the breath. A rise in hydrogen levels of 20 parts per million (ppm) or more above baseline within the first 90 minutes is considered a positive result for hydrogen-dominant SIBO. This overgrowth can contribute to chronic gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea, and nutrient malabsorption. Identifying an early hydrogen rise helps differentiate SIBO from other gut disorders and supports personalized treatment plans using targeted antimicrobials, antibiotics, or dietary interventions such as the low FODMAP diet to restore microbial balance and improve digestive health.