p-hydroxyphenyllactate is a marker of cell turnover. It is also a metabolite in tyrosine degradation and may be useful for studying disorders of tyrosine metabolism, including inborn errors of metabolism, and liver disease. High levels of p-hydroxyphenyllactate may respond to high intakes of vitamin C, which aids in restoration of normal metabolism and cell control.

p-hydroxyphenyllactate is a marker of cell turnover. It is also a metabolite in tyrosine degradation and may be useful for studying disorders of tyrosine metabolism, including inborn errors of metabolism, and liver disease. High levels of p-hydroxyphenyllactate may respond to high intakes of vitamin C, which aids in restoration of normal metabolism and cell control.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) helps the body maintain stable levels of calcium in the blood. It is part of a feedback loop that includes calcium, PTH, vitamin D, and, to some extent, phosphorus (phosphate) and magnesium. Conditions and diseases that disrupt this feedback loop can cause inappropriate elevations or decreases in calcium and PTH levels and lead to symptoms of hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia.

Elevated Calcium and (upper-)normal PTH Levels: Potential indicators of Parathyroid and other health conditions:

If intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels are in the (upper-)normal range and calcium levels are slightly elevated, it could indicate primary hyperparathyroidism, where one or more parathyroid glands are overactive, although other conditions like Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia (FHH), medication or supplement effects, and certain medical conditions may also be responsible. These findings should be interpreted in the context of the patient's overall health and symptoms, with further diagnostic tests and consultation with a healthcare provider necessary for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Intact, plays a crucial role in maintaining a delicate balance in our body's calcium and phosphorus levels, directly impacting bone health. This hormone, produced by the parathyroid glands located behind the thyroid gland in the neck, regulates calcium levels in the blood by influencing bone remodeling, the process where old bone tissue is replaced by new. When calcium levels drop, PTH is secreted, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, reducing its excretion by the kidneys, and stimulating the release of calcium from bones. This function is vital as calcium is essential for many bodily functions, including nerve signaling, muscle contraction, and blood clotting.

Associated with:

- Gastric Autoimmunity

- Chronic Atrophic Gastritis

- Pernicious Anemia

The novel antibodies salivary gland protein 1 (SP-1), carbonic anhydrase 6 (CA VI) and parotid secretory protein (PSP) have shown to be present in animal models for Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and patients with the disease. The antibodies SP-1, CA VI and PSP occurred earlier in the course of the disease than antibodies to Ro or La.

The novel antibodies salivary gland protein 1 (SP-1), carbonic anhydrase 6 (CA VI) and parotid secretory protein (PSP) have shown to be present in animal models for Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and patients with the disease. The antibodies SP-1, CA VI and PSP occurred earlier in the course of the disease than antibodies to Ro or La.

The novel antibodies salivary gland protein 1 (SP-1), carbonic anhydrase 6 (CA VI) and parotid secretory protein (PSP) have shown to be present in animal models for Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and patients with the disease. The antibodies SP-1, CA VI and PSP occurred earlier in the course of the disease than antibodies to Ro or La.

Lyme disease and Parovirus B19 infections produce arthritis, rashes, and a systemic illness that may be thought to represent a chronic rheumatic disease. Cases of co infections have also been reported in literature. Additionally, it has been shown to be a good candidate for differential diagnosis in cases of arthopathy where Lyme disease has been suspected.

The presence of IgG antibodies only is indicative of past exposure to Parvovirus.

The presence of IgM class antibodies suggests recent infection.

What is Parvovirus B19 VLP VP1/VP2 Co-Capsid – IgG?

Parvovirus B19 is a common human virus that causes fifth disease (also known as erythema infectiosum), especially in children. It typically presents with a “slapped cheek” facial rash and mild flu-like symptoms. In adults, it can cause joint pain or arthritis-like symptoms, and in vulnerable individuals—such as pregnant women, immunocompromised patients, or those with chronic anemia—it can lead to more serious complications, including fetal infection or severe anemia.

The VP1/VP2 Co-Capsid IgG test detects IgG antibodies to the virus-like particle (VLP) capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 of Parvovirus B19. These are the major structural proteins that form the virus’s outer shell. When your immune system recognizes these proteins, it produces IgG antibodies that typically remain in the bloodstream for many months or years—indicating past infection and likely immunity.

What Does a Medium Result Mean?

A medium IgG result suggests a moderate level of antibodies, which may reflect:

• A resolving infection where IgG is still building

• A recent past exposure

• A borderline immune response that may need further testing in some cases

If there are clinical concerns (e.g., during pregnancy or in the presence of anemia), additional tests—such as Parvovirus B19 IgM or PCR—may be used to determine whether an active infection is present.

What is Parvovirus B19 VLP VP1/VP2 Co-Capsid – IgM?

Parvovirus B19 is a common virus that causes fifth disease (also known as erythema infectiosum), particularly in children. It often presents with a red rash on the cheeks (“slapped cheek” appearance) and mild flu-like symptoms. In adults, it may cause joint pain or fatigue. In certain cases—especially among pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems, or those with chronic anemia—Parvovirus B19 infection can lead to more serious complications, such as fetal infection or severe anemia.

The VP1/VP2 Co-Capsid – IgM test detects IgM antibodies to the virus-like particle (VLP) capsid proteins VP1 and VP2, which are structural proteins of the virus. IgM antibodies are the first type of antibodies the immune system produces after an infection and typically appear within 1 to 2 weeks of exposure. This test helps identify recent or current infection with Parvovirus B19.

What Does a Medium Result Mean?

A medium IgM result suggests a moderate level of early antibodies, which may indicate:

• An early-stage infection with IgM levels still rising

• A resolving infection, with IgM beginning to decline

• A borderline or nonspecific response, which may need follow-up testing for confirmation

In these cases, your healthcare provider may recommend additional tests such as IgG (to assess longer-term immunity) or PCR (to detect viral DNA).

What is Parvovirus B19 VLP VP2 – IgG?

Parvovirus B19 is a common virus that causes a mild childhood illness known as fifth disease or erythema infectiosum, which typically presents with a “slapped cheek” rash and low-grade fever. In adults, infection may lead to joint pain or flu-like symptoms. In some cases—particularly in people with weakened immune systems, certain blood disorders, or during pregnancy—Parvovirus B19 can lead to more serious complications, such as anemia or fetal infection.

The VLP VP2 – IgG test detects IgG antibodies against the virus-like particle (VLP) of the VP2 protein, one of the main structural proteins of Parvovirus B19. IgG antibodies usually develop a few weeks after infection and remain in the bloodstream long-term, indicating past exposure and likely immunity.

What Does a Medium Result Mean?

A medium IgG result reflects a moderate level of antibodies, which may indicate:

• A recent past infection that is resolving

• An early developing immune response

• A borderline or nonspecific result, especially in the absence of symptoms or recent illness

Further testing (e.g., IgM antibodies) may be recommended if symptoms are present or if there is clinical concern about current infection.

Low levels of pathogens can be normal and characteristic of a healthy, diverse gut microbiome. Increased levels of pathogens, however, could indicate that a pathogen is playing a role in symptoms you are experiencing. The Pathogen Control Index compares the relative abundances (RA) of specific pathogens to normal levels present in the healthy gut.

Note: BiomeFx is NOT a diagnostic test. If your Pathogen Control Index is low, consult your physician who can make a diagnosis and provide treatment if needed.