Organophosphates are one of the most toxic groups of substances in the world, primarily found in pesticide formulations. They are inhibitors of cholinesterase enzymes, leading to overstimulation of nerve cells, causing sweating, salivation, diarrhea, abnormal behavior, including aggression and depression. Children exposed to organophosphates have more than twice the risk of developing pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), an autism spectrum disorder. Maternal organophosphate exposure has been associated with various adverse outcomes including having shorter pregnancies and children with impaired reflexes.

Dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) is a metabolite of organophosphates, which are among the most common causes of poisoning worldwide. Organophosphates are frequently used as pesticides and can enter the body through the lungs, skin, or by consuming contaminated food.

Even at low exposure levels, organophosphates may pose a serious risk to the nervous system, especially for foetuses and young children. Repeated or prolonged exposure may lead to a range of neurological symptoms, including:

• Impaired memory and concentration
• Disorientation and confusion
• Severe depression and irritability
• Headache and speech difficulties
• Delayed reaction times
• Sleep disturbances (such as nightmares, sleepwalking, drowsiness, or insomnia)

Diphenyl Phosphate (DPP) is a urinary metabolite that forms when the body breaks down organophosphate flame retardants such as triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), trixylenyl phosphate, and other aryl phosphate esters (APEs). These chemicals are used not only in consumer products like electronics, furniture, and cosmetics but also industrially as catalysts, paint additives, and protective agents in organic synthesis. DPP is measured to assess recent exposure, typically within the past 1–2 days, and elevated levels may indicate absorption through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. While originally used to reduce fire risk, these compounds are now linked to concerning health effects. Research shows that DPP may disrupt endocrine signaling, impair cardiac development, and contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, DPP has been associated with renal toxicity, liver damage (hepatotoxicity), and blood-related effects (hemotoxicity). Monitoring DPP is especially important for vulnerable populations such as children, pregnant individuals, and those with frequent chemical exposure. Reducing contact with flame-retardant-treated products, improving indoor air quality, and supporting detoxification pathways are key strategies to lower your body burden.

DPP is a metabolite of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), which is used as plasticizer and a fire retardant for a variety of materials including electronic equipment, PVC, hydraulic fluids, glues, nail polishes, and casting resins. TPHP exhibits low acute toxicity by dermal or oral contact. Long-term exposure to TPHP has been linked with reproductive and developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, metabolic disruption, endocrine effects, and genotoxicity.

This is a metabolite of the organophosphate flame retardant triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), which is used in plastics, electronic equipment, nail polish, and resins. TPHP can cause endocrine disruption. Studies have also linked TPHP to reproductive and developmental problems.

Diphtheria is a contagious and potentially fatal disease caused by a bacterium called Corynebacterium diphtheria. Testing for the antibodies against the disease gives doctors an idea if you have immunity towards diphtheria.

Diphtheria antitoxoid antibodies are specific immunoglobulins (also known as antibodies) produced by the human immune system in response to the diphtheria toxoid vaccine or exposure to the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria.

What is Diphtheria?

Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection that can lead to difficulty breathing, heart rhythm problems, and even death. It's caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make toxin. Diphtheria spreads easily and happens quickly, and mainly affects the nose and throat. It's spread from person to person, usually through respiratory droplets, from coughing or sneezing.

Confirmation testing for dsDNA IgG antibodies in patients with clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus or at-risk for disease.

The evaluation of patients with suspected systemic rheumatic disease, especially systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Useful to evaluate patients with signs and symptoms consistent with lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Of the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-specific antibodies the antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is the most common.

Testing for IgG antibodies to dsDNA is indicated in patients positive for anti-cellular antibody (ie, antinuclear antibody: ANA) homogeneous pattern using HEp-2 substrate by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) along with clinical features compatible with SLE.

Docosadienoic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid. Omega-6 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat found in vegetable oils, nuts and seeds.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the omega-3 fatty acids.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid with 22 carbons and 6 double bonds (22:6n3). It can be obtained from the diet, supplemented, or created by conversion from DPA using elongase and desaturase enzymes. DHA is present in fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, and mackerel, and low levels of DHA can be found in meat and eggs. Both individually or in combination with EPA, DHA is widely supplemented due to the enormous amount of research available regarding its anti-inflammatory role in many clinical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline, autoimmune disease, fetal development, visual disturbances, cancer, and metabolic syndrome.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the omega-3 fatty acids.