Dihydrocitrinone (DHC) is a metabolite of Citrinin (CTN), which is a mycotoxin produced by several fungal strains in the Penicillium, Aspergillus and Monascus genera and found in stored grains and other food products. Citrinin has nephrotoxic and genotoxic effects, and often occurs in combination with ochratoxin A. Studies show that dihydrocitrinone (DHC) has a signicantly reduced cytotoxic and genotoxic potential as compared to CTN. Thus, DHC is considered a detoxication related step of CIT metabolism.

Dihydrocitrinone is a metabolite of Citrinin (CTN), which is a mycotoxin that is produced by mold species of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus. 

CTN exposure can lead to nephropathy, because of its ability to increase permeability of mitochondrial membranes in the kidneys. The three most common exposure routes are through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact.

CTN has been shown to be carcinogenic in rat studies. Multiple studies have linked CTN exposure to a suppression of the immune response. 

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a key androgenic marker providing critical insights into androgen metabolism and its implications in female health. DHT, a biologically active metabolite of testosterone, is formed primarily in peripheral tissues through the action of the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase. Despite being commonly associated with male physiology, DHT plays a significant role in women, particularly in hair follicle health, skin condition, and overall hormonal balance. Elevated levels of DHT in women can lead to androgenic effects such as hirsutism (excessive hair growth in areas typical for males), acne, and in some cases, androgenic alopecia (pattern hair loss). These symptoms are often observed in conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is characterized by an overproduction of androgens.

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a potent androgen—a type of sex hormone—that plays a key role in the development of male sexual characteristics. It is primarily active during fetal development and puberty in individuals assigned male at birth, and it contributes to traits like body hair, prostate growth, and male-pattern baldness. While DHT is present in people of all sexes, its role is more prominent in male reproductive physiology.

Dihydrotestosterone is a hormone that stimulates the development of male characteristics

HVA and DOPAC are the major metabolites of dopamine.

HVA and DOPAC are the major metabolites of dopamine.

HVA and DOPAC are the major metabolites of dopamine.

HVA and DOPAC are the major metabolites of dopamine.

Dihydroxyphenylpropionic Acid (DHPPA), also known as 3,4 dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid, is a byproduct of the fermentation of dietary phenols by several bacteria, including some Clostridia spp. and others. Although once thought to identify the presence of specific dysbiotic bacteria, ongoing research suggests there are several bacterial species potentially involved.

Produced when Clostridia acts upon unabsorbed tryptophan, tyrosine or phenylalanine.

Dilute Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT) is a laboratory test often used for detection of lupus anticoagulant (LA). Russell's viper venom [RVV] isolated from the snake Daboia russelii contains a potent activator of factor X which in the presence of phospholipid, prothrombin and calcium ions clots fibrinogen to fibrin. In individuals with a lupus anticoagulant the antibody binds to the phospholipid inhibiting the action of the RVV and prolonging the clotting time. 

Organophosphates are one of the most toxic groups of substances in the world, primarily found in pesticide formulations. They are inhibitors of cholinesterase enzymes, leading to overstimulation of nerve cells, causing sweating, salivation, diarrhea, abnormal behavior, including aggression and depression. Children exposed to organophosphates have more than twice the risk of developing pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), an autism spectrum disorder. Maternal organophosphate exposure has been associated with various adverse outcomes including having shorter pregnancies and children with impaired reflexes.

Dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP) is a urinary metabolite that forms when the body breaks down certain organophosphate pesticides, such as malathion, dimethoate, and methyl parathion—chemicals commonly used in agriculture and among the most frequent causes of poisoning worldwide. Testing for DMDTP, as done on the Environmental Toxins panel by Vibrant Wellness, helps identify recent exposure to these pesticides, which can enter the body through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion of contaminated food and water. Even at low levels, organophosphates may be harmful to the nervous system, particularly in fetuses, infants, and young children, due to their ability to inhibit cholinesterase enzymes that regulate nerve function. Chronic or repeated exposure has been associated with a wide range of symptoms, including headaches, confusion, memory problems, depression, speech difficulties, delayed reaction times, and sleep disturbances like insomnia and nightmares. Some individuals may also experience flu-like symptoms such as nausea, weakness, fatigue, and loss of appetite. Elevated levels of DMDTP do not always signal acute toxicity but can reflect an environmental toxic burden that may require lifestyle changes or detoxification support. To reduce exposure, individuals are encouraged to eat organic produce when possible, thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables, avoid the use of chemical pesticides at home, ensure proper ventilation in agricultural or treated environments, use protective equipment when handling pesticides, and support detox pathways with nutrients such as glutathione, folate, and B vitamins.

The amino acid derivative dimethylglycine (DMG) is produced when betaine (trimethylglycine) donates a methyl group to homocysteine for re-methylation back to methionine. This methyl donation is mediated by the enzyme betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT). Elevations in DMG act as a negative feedback by inhibiting this enzymatic conversion. [L]

Organophosphates are one of the most toxic groups of substances in the world, primarily found in pesticide formulations. They are inhibitors of cholinesterase enzymes, leading to overstimulation of nerve cells, causing sweating, salivation, diarrhea, abnormal behavior, including aggression and depression. Children exposed to organophosphates have more than twice the risk of developing pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), an autism spectrum disorder. Maternal organophosphate exposure has been associated with various adverse outcomes including having shorter pregnancies and children with impaired reflexes.