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Optimal range: 0 - 0.05 mcg/mg creatinine
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylpropionate seems to be strongly associated with a troublesome type of bacteria called Clostridia.
Optimal range: 0 - 0.01 ug/mg creatinine
Sources of Exposure:
- Mainly by inhalation of vapors.
- Production occurs during petroleum refining.
- Primary use is as a motor fuel additive.
- Automotive emissions, poor emission-control devices on older vehicles, poor maintenance practices, diesel engine exhaust.
- Solvent in coatings, paint thinners, wood preservatives, cleaners, dry cleaners, degreasers, aerosols, pesticides, printing and inks.
- Component of white spirit, the most widely used solvent in the paint and coating industry.
Optimal range: 0 - 521.8 nmol/mg Creatinine
3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid was highly correlated with intake of whole-grain bread and breakfast cereals, and a primary metabolite of alkylresorcinols, a biomarker for whole-grain intake.
Alkylresorcinols are a naturally occurring type of phenolic lipid found in high concentrations in the outer layer and bran of cereal grain, primarily wheat and rye.
Optimal range: 3.4 - 17.7 ug/mg CR
Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (also known as 3-aminoisobutyric acid) is a non-protein amino acid formed by the catabolism of valine and the nucleotide thymine. It is further catabolized to methylmalonic acid semialdehyde and propionyl-CoA. Levels are controlled by a vitamin B6-dependent reaction in the liver and kidneys. β-aminoisobutyric acid can also be produced by skeletal muscle during physical activity.
Optimal range: 0.14 - 38.95 mmol/mol
- A precursor in the production of cholesterol in both humans and yeast.
- Elevated levels may also indicate decreased CoQ10 synthesis.
- Moderate increases are probably due to yeast overgrowth of the GI tract and might also implicate yeast overgrowth with elevated serum cholesterol.
- Very elevated levels may be due to HMG aciduria (=3-hydroxy-3-metylglutaric aciduria)
Optimal range: 0.17 - 39 mmol/mol creatinine
- A precursor in the production of cholesterol in both humans and yeast.
- Elevated levels may also indicate decreased CoQ10 synthesis.
- Moderate increases are probably due to yeast overgrowth of the GI tract and might also implicate yeast overgrowth with elevated serum cholesterol.
- Very elevated levels may be due to HMG aciduria (=3-hydroxy-3-metylglutaric aciduria)
Optimal range: 0 - 26 mmol/mol creatinine
- A precursor in the production of cholesterol in both humans and yeast.
- Elevated levels may also indicate decreased CoQ10 synthesis.
- Moderate increases are probably due to yeast overgrowth of the GI tract and might also implicate yeast overgrowth with elevated serum cholesterol.
- Very elevated levels may be due to HMG aciduria (=3-hydroxy-3-metylglutaric aciduria)
Optimal range: 0 - 88 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 7 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 21 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 3.1 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 24 mg/g creat
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 1.9 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 4.8 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 3.5 mmol/mol
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 6.2 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxyglutaric is a marker for glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 4.6 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Hydroxyglutaric is a marker for glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 16 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 4.9 mmol/mol
3-Hydroxyglutaric is a marker for glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
