Adipic acid

Optimal Result: 0.04 - 3.9 mmol/mol.

Adipic Acid, together with Suberate and Ethylmalonate are all functional markers for deficiency of carnitine.

Carnitine is needed to move fatty acids into the mitochondria where they are converted to energy using vitamin B2.

If carnitine is sufficient long-chain fatty acids go through beta-oxidation in the mitochondria.

When insufficient levels of carnitine or vitamin B2 slow down this process, other parts of the cellular machinery take over and make adipic acid and suberate.

A similar block in another pathway causes high ethylmalonate. Since most of our bodies’ energy is produced from the burning of fatty acids, our muscles and brain suffer when this cellular energy pathway is blocked. Anything that interferes with the normal fatty acid oxidation may reveal high levels of these metabolites.

What does it mean if your Adipic acid result is too low?

Low levels of adipate can occur if there is insufficient dietary fat or digestive fat malabsorption. While adipate can be synthesized, it is primarily produced by the gastrointestinal microbiome from dietary fats and absorbed from the gastrointestinal system. Adipate and suberate levels may also be low if there are inherited low activity enzyme variants present in the synthesis pathway. An insufficiency of zinc or vitamin B3 may inhibit omega oxidation pathways and decrease adipate levels. Adipate can be used to synthesize succinate and support the Citric Acid Cycle.

- Consider supporting adipate synthesis with vitamins B2, B3, CoQ10 (ubiquinone), L-carnitine, magnesium, and zinc.

- Adipate may be combined with malonate and converted into succinate to drive the CAC forward. If adipate is low, but succinate is adequate and alpha-ketoglutarate is elevated, conversion to succinate may cause lower adipate levels. Consider increasing healthy fats and supporting fat digestion with digestive enzymes.

- Celiac disease or inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBD) may impair digestion and absorption of fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins. Fat malabsorption can present with gastrointestinal bloating and cramping with pale or greasy stools.

- Consider an evaluation of gastrointestinal function to determine the need for digestive supports and improved fat assimilation.

What does it mean if your Adipic acid result is too high?

High levels of adipate can occur if there is a high dietary fat load, during fasting, or if there are inherited low-activity enzyme variants in the beta-oxidation pathway. Metabolic syndrome or type II diabetes may increase adipate and suberate levels. An L-carnitine deficiency can inhibit normal beta-oxidation and promote omega-oxidation, increasing adipate and suberate levels. Adipate is converted into succinate and other products in the liver. Dicarboxylic acids (cis- aconitate, isocitrate, succinate, malate, suberate, and adipate) may be excreted in high amounts due to increased mobilization of fatty acids, beta-oxidation defects, increased gut permeability or fasting. In some autistic individuals, there is an inverse relationship between adipate levels and social deficit/communication scores and a direct association with adipate levels and total ASD symptom scores. Adipate levels may increase if liver disorders are present. Exposure to phthalates or butane can also increase adipate levels.

- Consider supporting the beta-oxidation pathway with vitamins B2, B3, iron (if deficient), L-carnitine, sulforaphane and a lower-fat diet. Individuals with beta-oxidation defects may have trouble producing enough ketone bodies to successfully accommodate fasting or a “keto” or high-fat diet.

    - Beta-oxidation defects may also increase suberate, ethylmalonate, and methylsuccinate

- Omega oxidation products can be converted into products that support the CAC. Levels of dicarboxylic acids (cis-aconitate, isocitrate, succinate, malate, suberate, and adipate) can increase when this occurs.

- Adipate is primarily produced by the gastrointestinal microbiome from dietary fats. A high dietary fat load may increase levels of adipate, suberate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate.

- Type II diabetes or metabolic syndrome can increase not only adipate but suberate, alpha- hydroxybutyrate, lactate, and pyruvate.

- Liver disorders:

 

    - Some liver disorders, or later stage liver disease, may result in lactic acidosis and increase the levels of lactate, pyruvate, the Fatty     Oxidation and Ketone analytes, and other organic acids. General symptoms of acidosis in infants include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of     appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches,     confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures.

    - Other liver disorders or early-stage liver disease may instead increase the levels of adipate and suberate, while blocking the synthesis     of ketones such as beta-hydroxybutyrate. Levels of alpha-keto-isovalerate, hydroxymethylglutarate, pyroglutamate, benzoate, and 3-     indoleacetate may be elevated, while vanilmandelate, 5-hydroxyindolacetate, and orotate may be lower than expected.

- Butane exposures may occur due to deliberate inhalation (“huffing”) or from industrial, aerosol propellant or petroleum exposures. Butane “huffing” may result in neurological and cardiovascular symptoms.

- Phthalate exposures can inhibit beta-oxidation and increase levels of adipate, suberate, ethylmalonate, and methylsuccinate.

10 000+ happy customers
100% satisfaction
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ customer support

Understand blood, stool, and urine medical results from all your laboratories.

Upload Your Personal Results

Upload Personal Results

For professional account plans go here

for professional account plans go here

Monthly plan

Annual plan

Own it for life

  • Subscription
  • Data entry service included

    Data entry service

    Our exclusive data entry service is a convenient way to get your results into your private dashboard. Simply attach an image or a file of your lab test results, and one of our qualified data entry team members will add the results for you. We support all sorts of files, whether PDFs, JPGs, or Excel. This service is excellent whether you have a lot of reports to upload or are too busy to do the data entry yourself.

  • Instant interpretation
  • Use free data entry form

    Free data entry form

    We strive to make the data entry process easy for you. Whether by offering dozens of templates to choose from that pre-populate the most popular laboratory panels or by giving you instant feedback on the entered values. Our data entry forms are an easy, fast, and convenient way to enter the reports yourself. There is no limit on how many lab reports you can upload.

  • 4000+ biomarkers explained
  • Nutrition recommendations
  • Cancel anytime

Complete

$15 /month

billed every month

  • monthly
  • $15 per report
  • ✓ Instant interpretations
  • ✓ 4000+ biomarkers explained
  • ✓ Nutrition recommendations
  • ✓ Free data entry form
  • ✓ Unlimited data
  • ✓ $15 data entry service
  • ✓ Cancel anytime

Most popular

Data entry included

Advanced

$79 /year

$6.60/month billed annually

  • yearly
  • 5 reports free
  • ✓ Instant interpretations
  • ✓ 4000+ biomarkers explained
  • ✓ Nutrition recommendations
  • ✓ We enter 5 reports for you
  • ✓ Yearly subscription
  • ✓ Cancel anytime

Data entry included

Unlimited

$250 /once

own it for life

  • pay once
  • 10 reports free
  • ✓ Instant interpretations
  • ✓ 4000+ biomarkers explained
  • ✓ Nutrition recommendations
  • ✓ We enter 10 reports for you
  • ✓ No subscription
  • ✓ Dedicated support
  • ✓ Unlimited access

Are You a Health Professional?

Get started with our professional plan

Welcome to Healthmatters Pro.

Save time on interpreting lab results with the largest database of biomarkers online. In-depth research on any test at your fingertips, all stored and tracked in one place. Learn more

Pro Monthly Plus

for health professionals

  • ✓ Track multiple clients results
  • ✓ No setup fees
  • ✓ No hidden costs
  • ✓ Instant interpretations
  • ✓ 4000+ biomarkers explained
  • ✓ Includes data entry service
  • ✓ Personal training and support
  • ✓ Cancel anytime

$75 per month

Use promo code to save 10% off any plan.


We implement proven measures to keep your data safe.

At HealthMatters, we're committed to maintaining the security and confidentiality of your personal information. We've put industry-leading security standards in place to help protect against the loss, misuse, or alteration of the information under our control. We use procedural, physical, and electronic security methods designed to prevent unauthorized people from getting access to this information. Our internal code of conduct adds additional privacy protection. All data is backed up multiple times a day and encrypted using SSL certificates. See our Privacy Policy for more details.