Gliadin is a glycoprotein. It is an alcohol-soluble protein present in wheat and occurring in various forms (a-, g-, and w-gliadins). a-Gliadin-33-mer is produced by natural digestion processes. It is resistant to proteolytic degradation and stimulates T cells.

Known Cross-Reactions: 21 Hydroxylase, Asialoganglioside, Corn, Cytochrome P450, Dairy proteins, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase, Myelin Basic Protein, Millet, Myocardial Peptide, Oats, Osteocyte, Ovary, Rice, Synapsin, Thyroid Peroxidase, Yeast; Cerebellar

What is α-Hydroxybutyrate?

α-Hydroxybutyrate is a by-product of glutathione production. Levels of alpha-hydroxybutyrate in the urine may reflect levels of glutathione production.

What is Glutathione?

Glutathione is an important antioxidant that can prevent damage to cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals.

Glutathione is constantly being used up in the removal of toxic molecules and prevention of oxidative damage.

α-Hydroxybutyrate is a by-product from the process in which the body forms more glutathione. When that process is running at high rates, α-hydroxybutyrate excretion is increased.

Alpha-Hydroxybutyrate is a by-product of glutathione production. Levels of alpha-hydroxybutyrate in the urine may reflect levels of glutathione production.

α-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid is a major urinary metabolite of the industrial solvent methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).

MTBE was a gasoline additive discontinued in the early 2000’s used to reduce automobile emissions. Due to significant ground water leakage from storage tanks, ongoing exposure to MTBE exists in ground water. There is also data available on levels of MTBE in ambient air.

Urinary α-hydroxyisobutryic acid is a marker of recent MTBE exposure. Although, MTBE was initially designated as “noncarcinogenic”, recent studies suggest some interesting clinical associations. Exposure to MTBE has been linked to type 2 diabetes as a result of disrupted zinc homeostasis and glucose tolerance. There are also clinical associations with autism, DNA oxidative damage, and methylation defects. Studies on cancer, reproductive abnormalities, nonalcoholic fatty liver, and neurotoxicity have been either negative or inconclusive thus far.

Alpha-Keto-Beta-Methylvalerate is a B-Complex Vitamin Marker. Vitamins are compounds that your body needs to be healthy. Vitamins are “essential” for proper function, which means that they are not made inside your body and must be consumed in the diet.

Alpha-Keto-Beta-Methylvalerate is a B-Complex Vitamin Marker. Vitamins are compounds that your body needs to be healthy. Vitamins are “essential” for proper function, which means that they are not made inside your body and must be consumed in the diet.

Alpha-Ketoglutarate is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids. It is formed in the Krebs cycle, the energy-producing process that occurs in most body cells.

Alpha-Ketoglutarate is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids. It is formed in the Krebs cycle, the energy-producing process that occurs in most body cells.

Alpha-Ketoisocaproate is a B-Complex Vitamin Marker (Leucine catabolism).

Vitamins are compounds that your body needs to be healthy. Vitamins are “essential” for proper function, which means that they are not made inside your body and must be consumed in the diet. The B-complex vitamins are necessary for many enzymes in your body to function properly.

Many B vitamins are used as co-factors in the breakdown of amino acids. A deficiency of any of these B vitamins may lead to a block in one or more of these pathways resulting in elevations of the markers.
Vitamins B1 (thiamin), B3 (niacin), and B5 (pantothenic acid) are necessary for energy pathways of all of the cells in your body. As your food is broken down, specific compounds are formed at steps that require B vitamin assistance. Alpha-Ketoisocaproate is one some these compounds. The production of this metabolite requires vitamins B1, B3, B5 and lipoic acid.

Alpha-Ketoisocaproate is a B-Complex Vitamin Marker (Leucine catabolism).

Alpha-Ketoisovalerate (together with Alpha-Ketoisocaproate and Alpha-Keto-Beta-methylvalerate) requires Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5 and lipoic acid to be metabolized.

Alpha-Ketoisovalerate (together with Alpha-Ketoisocaproate and Alpha-Keto-Beta-methylvalerate) requires Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5 and lipoic acid to be metabolized.

Function:

Myosin, the major contractile protein, converts chemical energy into mechanical force through hydrolysis of ATP. a-Myosin is almost exclusively expressed in cardiac tissue.

Antibodies Appear:

- Autoimmune Myocarditis [3]

- Dilated Cardiomyopathy [3]

- Myasthenia Gravis [5]

- Rheumatic Heart Disease [2]

Alpha-Pregnanediol in men's urine is a significant metabolite of progesterone, and its levels can provide valuable insights into hormonal balance and potential health concerns related to progesterone and androgen metabolism.

Alpha-Pregnanediol, a key biomarker in the FU Female FMV Urine Comprehensive Hormone panel, is a metabolite of progesterone, an essential hormone in female reproductive health. Scientifically, alpha-pregnanediol is a progestogen, a substance that plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis. In the context of the urine hormone panel, the measurement of alpha-pregnanediol provides vital insights into the body's progesterone levels, as it is a direct byproduct of progesterone metabolism.

Alpha-Pregnanediol and Beta-Pregnanediol are metabolites of progesterone, and they are used as surrogate markers because they are the most abundant metabolites. The ratio between these two metabolites can provide insights into the relative activity of specific steroidogenic enzymes or pathways involved in progesterone metabolism.

Naturally occurring vitamin E exists in eight chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) that have varying levels of biological activity.

Alpha- (or α-) tocopherol is the only form that is recognized to meet human requirements. Alpha-tocopherol (body’s main form of vitamin E) functions as an antioxidant, regulates cell signaling, influences immune function and inhibits coagulation.

Naturally occurring vitamin E exists in eight chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) that have varying levels of biological activity.

Alpha- (or α-) tocopherol is the only form that is recognized to meet human requirements. Alpha-tocopherol (body’s main form of vitamin E) functions as an antioxidant, regulates cell signaling, influences immune function and inhibits coagulation.