Total Cytotoxic NK (Natural Killer) cells, identified by the CD16+ marker, represent a crucial component in the innate immune system, playing a significant role in the body's first line of defense against tumors and virally infected cells.

NK cells, characterized by their expression of the CD16 surface marker, are involved in the direct killing of target cells without the need for prior sensitization, distinguishing them from other lymphocytes that require antigen presentation. They are pivotal in controlling early responses to infection and malignancy through the release of cytolytic granules that induce apoptosis in target cells.

DHEA is often called the anti-aging hormone. It’s made in the adrenal glands naturally and levels hit their peak in your 20s. They start to dwindle after you hit 30. Estrogen and testosterone are created from DHEA.

Total Estrogen measures the combined levels of estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3). These hormones support reproductive function, bone strength, brain health, and cardiovascular protection. Abnormal levels may indicate menopause, pregnancy, or hormone imbalances. While levels are lower in men, estrogen balance remains important for overall health.

Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone. It is responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. There are three major endogenous estrogens in females that have estrogenic hormonal activity: estrone, estradiol, and estriol. The estrane steroid estradiol is the most potent and prevalent of these. In addition to their role as natural hormones, estrogens are used as medications, for instance in menopausal hormone therapy and hormonal birth control.

Estrogen is known as the “female” hormone. The four major naturally occurring estrogens in women are estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and estetrol (E4).

Although estrogen is identified with females, it is also found in men.

The marker "Total Estrogen Load" in a FU Female FMV Urine Comprehensive Hormone Panel is a critical measure for assessing the overall estrogenic activity in a woman's body. This comprehensive assessment quantifies the cumulative levels of estrogens, including estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3), over an entire menstrual cycle.

Estrogens are key hormones in female reproductive health, influencing menstrual cycle regulation, fertility, and secondary sexual characteristics. In a clinical setting, analyzing the total estrogen load is vital for diagnosing and managing conditions such as estrogen dominance, where there is an imbalance between estrogen and progesterone levels, often leading to symptoms like irregular menstrual cycles, fibrocystic breasts, mood swings, and weight gain.

Total estrogen is a reliable test for estrogen status and is used to detect hormone imbalances.

Estrogen is known as the “female” hormone. The four major naturally occurring estrogens in women are estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and estetrol (E4).

The Fecal Fat test helps your doctor identify if you have pancreatic or intestinal disorders. It can also show that enzymes, which are prescribed are working in the case of known malabsorption disorders.

Since most of the dietary fat is composed of triglycerides, excess fecal triglyceride levels indicate incomplete fat hydrolysis (maldigestion). This is possibly due to inadequate pancreatic secretion or activation of pancreatic lipase, which can cause excessive, unhydrolyzed triglycerides to be excreted in the feces.

Glutathione is an antioxidant, a type of chemical which helps to boost your immune system as well as prevent and reverse cellular damage.  Unlike most antioxidants which come from the food you eat, glutathione is naturally produced by the body in the liver. Glutathione plays a number of roles in overall health including boosting the immune system, helping to break down nutrients in food, and protecting against chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinsons, diabetes, some types of cancer, and heart disease.  

Glutathione is an antioxidant, a type of chemical which helps to boost your immune system as well as prevent and reverse cellular damage.  Unlike most antioxidants which come from the food you eat, glutathione is naturally produced by the body in the liver. Glutathione plays a number of roles in overall health including boosting the immune system, helping to break down nutrients in food, and protecting against chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinsons, diabetes, some types of cancer, and heart disease.  

The Total IgA biomarker on the 1018 Celiac Profile - Serum by Genova Diagnostics measures the overall levels of Immunoglobulin A (IgA), an essential antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune system, particularly at mucosal surfaces like the gastrointestinal tract. IgA protects against pathogens and dietary antigens, such as gluten, which are processed in the gut. In the context of celiac disease testing, Total IgA is measured to ensure the accuracy of IgA-dependent biomarkers, such as anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG IgA) and deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP IgA).

What is Total IgA?

Total IgA measures the concentration of Immunoglobulin A in the blood, an antibody that plays a crucial role in immune defense—particularly in the mucous membranes of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts. It is the body’s first line of defense against inhaled, ingested, and sexually transmitted pathogens.

Why is Total IgA important?

IgA provides immune protection by neutralizing viruses and bacteria before they penetrate deeper into the body. It is also involved in maintaining a healthy balance of immune tolerance in the gut. Abnormal IgA levels can signal underlying immune disorders or chronic inflammatory conditions.

What is Total IgG?

Total IgG measures the concentration of Immunoglobulin G, the most abundant antibody in the bloodstream. IgG plays a central role in long-term immune protection by recognizing and neutralizing viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders. It also helps the immune system "remember" past infections, providing immunity over time.

Why is Total IgG important?

IgG is essential for fighting infections and for the effectiveness of vaccinations. It circulates in the blood and tissues, identifying pathogens and helping to trigger a broader immune response. Total IgG measurement provides insight into the strength and status of your adaptive immune system.