These water-soluble mycotoxins could produce airborne particles which could facilitate entry and release into respiratory airway tissue that may selectively induce apoptosis in olfactory sensory neurons in the nose (rhinitis) and brain(mild focal encephalitis).

Although epidemiological studies that specifically examine exposure to mycotoxins in indoor residential environments are relatively limited, there is substantial evidence of a relationship between mycotoxin exposure (via ingestion and inhalation) and adverse health effects in occupational (agricultural and food processing) settings and animal studies.

These water-soluble mycotoxins could produce airborne particles which could facilitate entry and release into respiratory airway tissue that may selectively induce apoptosis in olfactory sensory neurons in the nose (rhinitis) and brain(mild focal encephalitis).

Although epidemiological studies that specifically examine exposure to mycotoxins in indoor residential environments are relatively limited, there is substantial evidence of a relationship between mycotoxin exposure (via ingestion and inhalation) and adverse health effects in occupational (agricultural and food processing) settings and animal studies.

Satratoxin G is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin produced by commonly called black mold or Stachybotrys chartarum, that contribute to disorders associated with water-damaged buildings.

Saturated Fats, Total is a key marker providing important information about the levels of saturated fats in your diet. Saturated fats are a type of fat found in various foods, including animal products like meat and dairy, as well as some plant-based oils like coconut and palm oil and peanut butter. These fats are typically solid at room temperature. Monitoring the total amount of saturated fats in your diet is crucial because high intake is linked to an increased risk of developing heart disease and other health issues. When you consume too many saturated fats, it can lead to higher levels of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, in your blood.

When assessing fatty acids in RBCs, this marker measures a weighted percentage of fatty acids taken up into the erythrocyte wall. The total saturated fatty acid percentage is a combined total weight percentage calculated by adding up each of the measured saturated fatty acids. It should be noted that when dealing with percentages, the amount of each fatty acid can influence the others. For example, fish oil supplementation may increase the overall omega-3 percentage, which then lowers the omega-6 percentage. Because some saturated fatty acids are beneficial, it is important to look at the levels of those specifically as well.

Fatty acids are essential to heart health. Balancing fatty acids can improve cholesterol and triglyceride levels, improve immune system function as well as reduce inflammation and rate of heart disease.

Saturated Fatty Acid Index Includes:

Myristic (14:0)

Palmitic (16:0)

Stearic (18:0)

    - May raise levels of LDL-C and increases heart disease risk.

The Schistosoma IgG Antibody marker on a panel from Labcorp is a diagnostic tool used to detect antibodies against Schistosoma, a type of parasitic worm that causes schistosomiasis. When someone is infected with Schistosoma, their immune system responds by producing specific antibodies, including IgG. The presence of Schistosoma IgG antibodies in a blood sample indicates that the person has been exposed to the parasite.

Reference Ranges:

Negative: Less than 0.20 OD. No significant level of IgG antibody to Schistosoma detected.

Indeterminate: 0.20 to 0.49 OD. It is recommended to repeat the assay with a paired sample after at least one month, when the results fall within this range.

Positive: Greater than or equal to 0.50 OD. Presumptive evidence of a current or past infection with Schistosoma species.

Serological results should be used as an aid in diagnosis and should not be interpreted as diagnostic by themselves.

Scl-70 is also known as Topoisomerase I Antibody.

Topoisomerase I antibodies were initially named Scl-70 based on immunoblot detection of a 70-kDa protein.

The prevalence of Scl-70 antibodies in SSc varies widely across geographies and ethnicities, ranging from 9% to 71%.

These antibodies are strongly associated with dcSSc but also occur in lcSSc.

The 2 main types of SSc are defined according to the pattern of skin involvement: limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc). In lcSSc, skin thickening is present distal to the elbows and knees, and facial skin thickening may or may not be present. In contrast, dcSSc is characterized by thickening of the skin of the whole extremity, as well as that of the anterior chest, abdomen, and back, with or without facial skin involvement. Multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, can be affected in both forms, though organ involvement is generally less severe in lcSSc. CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) occurs frequently in lcSSc but can also occur in longstanding dcSSc.

Scl-70 is also known as Topoisomerase I Antibody.

Topoisomerase I antibodies were initially named Scl-70 based on immunoblot detection of a 70-kDa protein.

The prevalence of Scl-70 antibodies in SSc varies widely across geographies and ethnicities, ranging from 9% to 71%.

These antibodies are strongly associated with dcSSc but also occur in lcSSc.

The 2 main types of SSc are defined according to the pattern of skin involvement: limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc). In lcSSc, skin thickening is present distal to the elbows and knees, and facial skin thickening may or may not be present. In contrast, dcSSc is characterized by thickening of the skin of the whole extremity, as well as that of the anterior chest, abdomen, and back, with or without facial skin involvement. Multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, can be affected in both forms, though organ involvement is generally less severe in lcSSc. CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) occurs frequently in lcSSc but can also occur in longstanding dcSSc.

Scl-70 is also known as Topoisomerase I Antibody.

Topoisomerase I antibodies were initially named Scl-70 based on immunoblot detection of a 70-kDa protein.

The prevalence of Scl-70 antibodies in SSc varies widely across geographies and ethnicities, ranging from 9% to 71%.

These antibodies are strongly associated with dcSSc but also occur in lcSSc.

The 2 main types of SSc are defined according to the pattern of skin involvement: limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc). In lcSSc, skin thickening is present distal to the elbows and knees, and facial skin thickening may or may not be present. In contrast, dcSSc is characterized by thickening of the skin of the whole extremity, as well as that of the anterior chest, abdomen, and back, with or without facial skin involvement. Multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys, can be affected in both forms, though organ involvement is generally less severe in lcSSc. CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) occurs frequently in lcSSc but can also occur in longstanding dcSSc.

The SCL-70 antibody test is a blood test used to detect antibodies against topoisomerase I, an enzyme found in the nucleus of cells. These antibodies are part of the antinuclear antibody (ANA) family and are often associated with certain autoimmune conditions—most notably systemic sclerosis (scleroderma).

This test helps doctors evaluate symptoms such as skin thickening, joint pain, fatigue, or shortness of breath that may be related to autoimmune diseases.

ADMA/SDMA may be measured in individuals with multiple risk factors for the development of CVD.

SDMA is primarily excreted in the urine and identifies reduced renal function.

One of the earliest manifestations of endothelial dysfunction is nitric oxide (NO) deficiency, which promotes atherosclerosis. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), its structural isomer, are metabolites of L-arginine, an amino acid that is catalyzed to L-citrulline and NO by nitric oxide synthase (NOS).

Both ADMA and SDMA have distinct pathophysiologies and manifestations. ADMA is a competitive inhibitor of NOS thereby reducing NO production and promoting endothelial dysfunction. SDMA also interferes with NO production, but does so indirectly by reducing the cellular availability of arginine. ADMA is primarily cleared through enzymatic degradation in the bloodstream and its presence identifies subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). Conversely, SDMA is primarily excreted in the urine and identifies reduced renal function.

Increased urinary products of the omega fatty acid metabolism pathway may be due to carnitine deficiency, fasting, or increased intake of triglycerides from coconut oil, or some infant formulas.