Antibodies to ribonucleoprotein, RNP, are found often in very high levels in patients with a variety of systemic rheumatic diseases, including SLE, progressive systemic sclerosis and Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, a distinct disease entity with overlapping clinical features of SLE, scleroderma, polymyositis and rheumatoid arthritis.

These autoantibodies usually give a strong speckled pattern of nuclear staining in immunofluorescence. The structure of the antigens recognised by anti-RNP antibodies is complex. The commonest determinants and ones which are most widely detected are those called RNP or U1RNP. Anti-RNP antibodies can be detected alone (usually in MCTD) or together with anti-Sm (lupus). Anti-Sm is seldom found alone.

A positive result for RNP antibodies is consistent with a connective tissue disease. Although strongly associated with connective tissue diseases, RNP antibodies are not considered a "marker" for any particular disease except in the following situation: when found in isolation (ie, dsDNA antibodies and Sm antibodies are not detectable), a positive result for RNP antibodies is consistent with the diagnosis of mixed connective tissue disease. 

RNP/Sm Antibody is an extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) associated with Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD).

Extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) are autoantibodies in the blood that react with proteins in the cell nucleus. These proteins are known as “extractable” because they can be removed from cell nuclei using saline and represent six main proteins (Ro, La, Sm, RNP, Scl-70 and Jo1).

Autoantibodies are produced when a person’s immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the body’s own tissues. This attack can cause inflammation, tissue damage, and other signs and symptoms that are associated with an autoimmune disorder.

Certain autoimmune disorders are characteristically associated with the presence of one or more anti-ENA antibodies, such as mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), lupus (SLE), Sjögren syndrome, scleroderma, and polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Autoantibody association can aid in the diagnosis of an autoimmune disorder and help distinguish between other autoimmune disorders. 

The Ro-52kD Antibody is a type of autoantibody, meaning it is an antibody produced by the immune system that mistakenly targets and attacks the body's own tissues. Specifically, this antibody targets a protein that is 52 kilodaltons (kD) in size, which is why it is referred to as the Ro-52kD Antibody. This protein is found in various cells throughout the body, including those in the skin, joints, and internal organs. The presence of Ro-52kD Antibodies is commonly associated with autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome. These conditions occur when the immune system becomes overactive and attacks the body’s own tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. The Ro-52kD Antibody can be detected through blood tests, which are often used by doctors to help diagnose these autoimmune diseases. Elevated levels of this antibody can indicate an active autoimmune process and may help guide treatment decisions. It is important for individuals with autoimmune diseases to be monitored regularly, as the presence of Ro-52kD Antibodies can provide valuable information about the progression and activity of their condition.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a tick-borne disease caused by the intracellular bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii.

Roridin A is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Stachybotrys chartarum, commonly known as “black mold.” This mold thrives in damp, water-damaged buildings and can also contaminate grains, straw, and other plant materials.

Among trichothecenes, Roridin A is considered one of the most toxic, with powerful effects on human cells.

A moderate level of Roridin A in urine suggests recent exposure to black mold (Stachybotrys chartarum), most often from spending time in a water-damaged building or handling contaminated grains or straw. This level indicates your body is processing more of this toxin than expected, but not at the highest or most concerning range. Moderate results do not usually signal acute poisoning, but they do mean ongoing exposure may be adding to your toxic burden. Over time, this can contribute to respiratory irritation, fatigue, brain fog, or immune suppression. Reducing mold exposure in your environment and supporting detox pathways can help bring levels back toward the optimal range and protect long-term health.

Roridin E is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin produced by several fungi, including Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Cephalosporium, Verticimonosporium, and especially Stachybotrys chartarum—better known as “black mold.”

These toxic molds often contaminate grains such as wheat, oats, and maize, but Stachybotrys also thrives indoors in damp, water-damaged buildings, making indoor exposure a major concern. Roridin E and other trichothecenes are considered among the most potent mold toxins—so harmful that some have been studied as potential biological warfare agents.

A moderate level of Roridin E in urine suggests recent exposure to trichothecene-producing molds, most often from contaminated grains or from indoor black mold (Stachybotrys) in a damp or water-damaged building. This result indicates your body is processing more of this toxin than expected, though not at the highest or most dangerous range. While moderate levels don’t usually point to acute poisoning, they may still contribute to your overall toxic burden and can be linked to symptoms such as digestive upset, fatigue, headaches, brain fog, or immune weakness. Reducing exposure to moldy environments and contaminated food sources, while supporting detox pathways, can help bring levels back toward the optimal range and protect long-term health.

Roridin E is a macrocyclic trichothecene produced by the mold species Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys (i.e. black mold).  Trichothecenes are frequently found in buildings with water damage but can also be found in contaminated grain.

Roridin H is produced mainly by Stachybotrys and categorized as a trichothecene mycotoxin. There are reports showing the involvement of these trichothecene in the development of 'sick building syndrome'. These trichothecenes were found in air samples in the ventilation systems of private houses and office buildings, and on the walls of houses with high humidity. The symptoms of airborne toxicosis disappeared when the buildings and ventilation systems were thoroughly cleaned.

Roseburia is a genus (=group) of 5 species of bacteria named in the 1980s after American microbiologist Theodor Rosebury. Bacteria in this genus are notable for breaking down sugar, and producing a short-chain fatty acid called butyrate which is important as a food for the cells lining the colon.

Roseburia homini is a gram-negative or gram-variable, anaerobic bacterium. Being a butyrate-producing bacterium, the derived anti-inflammatory proprieties have been inversely associated to the active status of Crohn’s disease. Decreased abundance of R. hominis has been also associated to IBS and colorectal carcinogenesis. Roseburia negatively correlates with plasma glucose in T2D patients, suggesting a possible role in glucose homeostasis. Lower levels of Roseburia have been detected in subjects affected by Parkinson’s diseases and gallstones.

Roseburia intestinalis is a bacterium commonly found in the human gut and is known for its role in producing butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that has beneficial effects on gut health. In a gastrointestinal (GI) test, the presence and levels of Roseburia intestinalis can provide insights into the health of the gut microbiome.

A genus of Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria in the Clostridia class that inhabit the human colon. The Roseburia genus has five well-characterized species, all of which produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Roseburia can also produce butyrate from acetate promoting balance in energy homeostasis. The genus is widely recognized to influence colonic motility, support immunity, and suppress inflammation.

Roseburia is a genus (=group) of 5 species of bacteria named in the 1980s after American microbiologist Theodor Rosebury. Bacteria in this genus are notable for breaking down sugar, and producing a short-chain fatty acid called butyrate which is important as a food for the cells lining the colon.

Rotavirus affects the intestines and causes vomiting and diarrhea. This infection is especially common in young children, but it can affect adults, too. A rotavirus infection causes a condition called viral gastroenteritis.