- Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum.

- Pseudomonas aeruginosa are normal flora in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which on occasion cause GI tract infection.

- Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum.

- Pseudomonas aeruginosa are normal flora in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which on occasion cause GI tract infection.

Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum. High levels may indicate increased intestinal inflammatory activity and may cause abdominal cramping and loose stools. Some strains of P. aeroginosa may produce toxins that can damage cells.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) antibodies are specialized monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies engineered to specifically bind to parathyroid hormone—a critical regulator of calcium and phosphorus balance in the human body. These antibodies are widely utilized in both biomedical research and clinical diagnostics to detect, measure, and study PTH levels in biological samples.

Biological Role of PTH

Parathyroid hormone is an 84-amino acid polypeptide secreted by the parathyroid glands. It plays a vital role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis through three main mechanisms:

• Stimulating bone resorption to release calcium into the bloodstream

• Enhancing renal calcium reabsorption to reduce urinary calcium loss

• Promoting activation of vitamin D, which boosts intestinal calcium absorption

Disruptions in PTH production or action can lead to:

• Hypoparathyroidism – low PTH levels, leading to hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia

• Hyperparathyroidism – elevated PTH levels, often resulting in hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia

The PTT-LA Ratio is an essential part of lupus anticoagulant (LA) testing. It is calculated using a modified partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test that employs a low-phospholipid reagent, making it highly sensitive to the presence of lupus anticoagulant. A normal PTT-LA ratio is typically ≤1.20.

An elevated PTT-LA ratio may suggest the presence of lupus anticoagulant—an antibody that paradoxically increases the risk of blood clots, even though it prolongs clotting times in laboratory tests. This test is commonly performed alongside other assays, such as the dilute Russell viper venom time (dRVVT), as part of a comprehensive lupus anticoagulant panel.

PTT-LA screen helps to help investigate the cause of a blood clot (thrombotic episode); to evaluate a prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT); to help determine the cause of recurrent miscarriages, or as part of an evaluation for antiphospholipid syndrome; the tests are not used to diagnose the chronic autoimmune disorder systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly known as lupus.

Non-gluten proteins constitute about 25% of the total protein content of wheat cereal. Recently it has been shown that these non-gluten proteins are immune-reactive in individuals with wheat sensitivity. The 5 groups of non-gluten proteins which are distinctly different from the gluten proteins that are responsible for inflammation in patients with wheat sensitivity are serpins, purinins, farinins, amylase/protease inhibitors and globulins.

Pus cells refer to term given to the accumulation of dead white blood cells (WBCs) at the site of infection. When these pus cells are present in the human urine, the condition is known as Pyuria. It is normal for some pus cells to be present in the urine sample, however, an elevated number of pus cells in the urine sample are an indication of some underlying infection. 

Valerate, isovalerate and isobutyrate constitute the putrefactive short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 

Valerate, isovalerate and isobutyrate are produced exclusively by fermentation of protein. These SCFAs are putrefactive, and suggest underlying protein maldigestion, malabsorption, or BOSI.

Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate (PLP), also known as the active form of vitamin B6, is a versatile and essential coenzyme in various enzymatic reactions in the body, particularly in amino acid metabolism. Serving as a coenzyme for over 100 enzymes, PLP plays a pivotal role in biochemical processes including transamination, decarboxylation, and glycogen phosphorylase activity. Its transaminase activity is crucial for the synthesis and breakdown of amino acids, aiding in the interconversion between amino acids and alpha-keto acids.