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Potassium, Serum (Kalium)

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP): Biomarkers, Benefits, and Results Explained

Optimal range:   3.5 - 5.2 mmol/L

What Is Potassium?

Potassium (chemical symbol K+) is an essential mineral and electrolyte found in every cell of your body. It plays a key role in:

  • Helping nerves send signals

  • Supporting muscle contractions, including the heartbeat

  • Moving nutrients into cells and waste products out

  • Maintaining a healthy fluid and electrolyte balance

As an electrolyte, potassium conducts electrical impulses when dissolved in body fluids. This electrical activity is vital for normal muscle, nerve, and heart function.

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Potassium, Urine

Urinalysis

Optimal range:   25 - 125 mmol/24 hr

Potassium is an electrolyte that helps your cells and organs work. Your body needs it to digest food, keep your heart beating right, and various other activities. You get most of your potassium from foods. Your body uses what it needs, and your kidneys put the rest into your urine as waste.

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POTASSIUM/CREAT RATIO

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP): Biomarkers, Benefits, and Results Explained

Optimal range:   17 - 121 mmol/g creatinine

The "Potassium/Creatinine Ratio" marker is a crucial diagnostic tool used to evaluate the balance of potassium in your urine relative to creatinine. Potassium, an essential mineral, is vital for proper cell function, including maintaining normal heart function and regulating fluid balance. Creatinine, a waste product generated from muscle metabolism, is typically used as a reference marker because its excretion rate in urine is relatively stable. The ratio between potassium and creatinine helps to normalize potassium levels against urine concentration variations, providing a more accurate assessment of potassium excretion from the body. This measurement is particularly important in diagnosing and monitoring conditions related to electrolyte imbalance, kidney function, and certain hormonal disorders. It helps doctors understand how well the kidneys are processing potassium and whether there might be excessive loss or retention of potassium, which can have significant health implications. Thus, this test is a vital part of understanding overall kidney health and managing conditions that affect electrolyte balance.

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Potato

Array 4 - Gluten-Associated Cross-Reactive Foods and Foods Sensitivity, Cyrex Laboratories

Optimal range:   0 - 1.8 ELISA Index

The presence of antibodies to Potato is an indication of food immune reactivity. The offending food and its known cross-reactive foods should be eliminated from the diet. Adverse reactions to Potato have been reported. Immune reactivity to Potato is rare and occurs more often in children, who usually out-grow it, than in adults.

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Potato, white, cooked (baked)

Array 10 - Multiple Food Immune Reactivity Screen, Cyrex Laboratories

Optimal range:   0.1 - 1.8 ELISA Index

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Potato, white, cooked (fried)

Array 10 - Multiple Food Immune Reactivity Screen, Cyrex Laboratories

Optimal range:   0.1 - 1.6 ELISA Index

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Pre-Albumin

Liver Health

Optimal range:   18 - 38 mg/dL

The prealbumin screen is a blood test that may be used to see if you are getting enough nutrition in your diet. This may be because you have a chronic condition. Or it may be because you have an infection or inflammation, or you suffered a trauma. 

Prealbumin is a protein that is made mainly by your liver. Your body uses it to make other proteins. Prealbumin also carries thyroid hormones in the blood

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Prealbumin

Liver Health

Optimal range:   14 - 35 mg/dL

Evaluate protein malnutrition, total parenteral nutrition, and liver dysfunction. Values are decreased in inflammatory processes, malignancy, protein malnutrition, and protein wasting diseases of the gut or kidney. Values are increased in Hodgkin's disease.

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Preb-1

Plasma

Boston Heart HDL Map Test, Boston Heart Diagnostics

Optimal range:   0 - 20 mg/dL

What is Pre-Beta-1 HDL?

Pre-Beta-1 HDL, often referred to as Pre-b-1 HDL, is a distinct form of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), commonly known as "good cholesterol." This specific type of HDL is unique because it is the smallest and most compact form, serving as the starting point in the development of HDL particles. Pre-b-1 HDL plays a vital role in the reverse cholesterol transport process, where it collects excess cholesterol from your body's tissues and transports it back to the liver for removal. This process is crucial for maintaining the health of your heart and blood vessels. Essentially, Pre-b-1 HDL functions like a diligent cleaner, continually picking up and eliminating unwanted cholesterol from your body. Understanding the importance of Pre-b-1 HDL can help in managing cholesterol levels and promoting cardiovascular health.

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Pregnanediol

Advanced Dried Urine Hormone Profile, NutriPATH

Optimal range:   465 - 1609 µg/g creatinine

Progesterone itself is not readily found in the urine. Instead, this test measures pregnanediol (a progesterone metabolite). Pregnanediol is well-established in research literature as a reliable marker for progesterone levels.

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Pregnanediol (24hr urine)

Complete Hormones (24hr), Genova Diagnostics

Optimal range:   0.3 - 4.2 micromol/24 hr

Progesterone rapidly metabolizes by the time it reaches the urine, and its direct metabolite, pregnanediol, is a reflection of circulating progesterone concentrations.

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Pregnanediol (FMV urine)

Complete Hormones (24hr), Genova Diagnostics

Optimal range:   13 - 370 nmol/dL (SG)

Progesterone rapidly metabolizes by the time it reaches the urine, and its direct metabolite, pregnanediol, is a reflection of circulating progesterone concentrations.

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Pregnanediol (FMV urine, menopause)

Complete Hormones FMV - Menopause Female, Genova Diagnostics

Optimal range:   8 - 196 nmol/dL (SG)

Progesterone rapidly metabolizes by the time it reaches the urine, and its direct metabolite, pregnanediol, is a reflection of circulating progesterone concentrations.

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Pregnanediol (Male)

Urine

ZRT Laboratory (Urinary Neurotransmitters), ZRT Laboratory

Optimal range:   47 - 140 ug/g Cr

Pregnanediol, a key marker in male health, is prominently featured in the ZRT Laboratory Urinary Neurotransmitters panel. Pregnanediol is a metabolite of progesterone, a hormone often associated with female reproductive health but equally important in males. In men, progesterone, and consequently pregnanediol, play roles in regulating the central nervous system, influencing mood, and contributing to the synthesis of other crucial steroids like testosterone.

Abnormal levels of pregnanediol in men can indicate various health concerns, including adrenal issues, hormonal imbalances, and even potential impacts on prostate health.

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Pregnanetriol

Urine

Balance Hormone Profile (Dried Urine), Meridian Valley Lab

Optimal range:   140 - 1293 ug/g Creatinine

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Pregnanetriol (24hr urine)

Complete Hormones (24hr), Genova Diagnostics

Optimal range:   0.6 - 2.5 micromol/24 hr

Progesterone is metabolized into numerous downstream compounds, but most immediately into pregnanediol and pregnanetriol. Urine levels of these metabolites tend to correlate with levels of serum progesterone, thus may be used to assess status of the hormone.

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Pregnanetriol (FMV urine)

Complete Hormones (24hr), Genova Diagnostics

Optimal range:   46 - 269 nmol/dL (SG)

Progesterone is metabolized into numerous downstream compounds, but most immediately into pregnanediol and pregnanetriol. Urine levels of these metabolites tend to correlate with levels of serum progesterone, thus may be used to assess status of the hormone.

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Pregnanetriol (FMV urine, menopause)

Complete Hormones FMV - Menopause Female, Genova Diagnostics

Optimal range:   23 - 176 nmol/dL (SG)

Progesterone is metabolized into numerous downstream compounds, but most immediately into pregnanediol and pregnanetriol. Urine levels of these metabolites tend to correlate with levels of serum progesterone, thus may be used to assess status of the hormone.

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Pregnenolone

Metabolic Health

Optimal range:   22 - 237 ng/dL , 0.22 - 2.37 ng/mL

Pregnenolone is a chemical substance that is a precursor to all steroid hormones.

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Pregnenolone (male)

Endocrinology

Optimal range:   0.38 - 3.5 ng/mL

Pregnenolone, measured in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL), is a crucial neurosteroid in males, acting as a precursor to various other steroids including progesterone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens. It is synthesized directly from cholesterol and serves as the foundational substrate in the steroidogenesis pathway, leading to the production of these hormones.

This steroid plays a vital role in brain function, as it is involved in neurogenesis, synaptic functioning, and neural plasticity, and it also influences mood and memory.

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