Phosphorylated Tau 181 (pTau181) is a biomarker measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to assess the presence of abnormal tau protein associated with neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. Tau is a protein involved in stabilizing microtubules within neurons, but when abnormally phosphorylated at specific sites, such as threonine 181, it becomes dysfunctional and contributes to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles—a hallmark of Alzheimer’s pathology. Elevated pTau181 levels in CSF are strongly indicative of tau-related neurodegeneration and help distinguish Alzheimer’s disease from other types of dementia or neurodegenerative conditions. When analyzed alongside total tau and amyloid-beta (Aβ42) levels, pTau181 improves diagnostic accuracy for early Alzheimer’s, aiding in the differentiation of Alzheimer’s from other disorders like frontotemporal dementia. Elevated pTau181 levels reflect not only neuronal damage but also ongoing tau hyperphosphorylation, making it a critical tool for both diagnosis and monitoring disease progression.

Phosphoserine is the phosphorylated ester of the amino acid serine. The addition of a phosphoryl group to an amino acid, or its removal, plays a role in cell signaling and metabolism. Phosphoserine is a byproduct of glycolysis and subsequent intermediate to then become serine. The enzyme that catalyzes this step, phosphoserine phosphatase, is magnesium dependent. This metabolite is not to be confused with a similar-sounding metabolite, phosphatidylserine; this is a common CNS supplement and essential for neuronal cell membranes.

Phosphoserine is the phosphorylated ester of the amino acid serine. The addition of a phosphoryl group to an amino acid, or its removal, plays a role in cell signaling and metabolism. Phosphoserine is a byproduct of glycolysis and subsequent intermediate to then become serine. The enzyme that catalyzes this step, phosphoserine phosphatase, is magnesium dependent. This metabolite is not to be confused with a similar-sounding metabolite, phosphatidylserine; this is a common CNS supplement and essential for neuronal cell membranes.

Phosphoserine is the phosphorylated ester of the amino acid serine. The addition of a phosphoryl group to an amino acid, or its removal, plays a role in cell signaling and metabolism. Phosphoserine is a byproduct of glycolysis and subsequent intermediate to then become serine. The enzyme that catalyzes this step, phosphoserine phosphatase, is magnesium dependent. This metabolite is not to be confused with a similar-sounding metabolite, phosphatidylserine; this is a common CNS supplement and essential for neuronal cell membranes.

Phosphoserine is the phosphorylated ester of the amino acid serine. The addition of a phosphoryl group to an amino acid, or its removal, plays a role in cell signaling and metabolism. Phosphoserine is a byproduct of glycolysis and subsequent intermediate to then become serine. The enzyme that catalyzes this step, phosphoserine phosphatase, is magnesium dependent. This metabolite is not to be confused with a similar-sounding metabolite, phosphatidylserine; this is a common CNS supplement and essential for neuronal cell membranes.

Phosphoserine is the phosphorylated ester of the amino acid serine. The addition of a phosphoryl group to an amino acid, or its removal, plays a role in cell signaling and metabolism. Phosphoserine is a byproduct of glycolysis and subsequent intermediate to then become serine. The enzyme that catalyzes this step, phosphoserine phosphatase, is magnesium dependent.

This metabolite is not to be confused with a similar-sounding metabolite, phosphatidylserine; this is a common CNS supplement and essential for neuronal cell membranes.

Phosphoserine is a product of glycolysis and is formed by amino group transfer from glutamic acid to phosphohydroxypyruvic acid.

Phosphoserine is a product of glycolysis and is formed by amino group transfer from glutamic acid to phosphohydroxypyruvic acid.

Phthalates, often known as plasticizers, are a group of chemicals used to make plastics more flexible and harder to break. They are widely used in cosmetics, adhesives, detergents, lubricating oils, automotive plastics, and plastic clothes. People are exposed to phthalates by eating or drinking contaminated foods but also by breathing in air that contains phthalate vapors or dusts.

Picolinate is a neurotransmitter metabolism marker and is produced under inflammatory conditions.

Picolinate is a neurotransmitter metabolism marker and is produced under inflammatory conditions.

Other names: Picolinate

From the breakdown of hydroxykynurenine via ACMS decarboxylase

- Decreased picolinic acid and increased quinolinic acid blood levels noted in suicidal subjects.

- A tryptophan metabolite produced through non-enzymatic conversion.

Picolinate is a neurotransmitter metabolism marker and is produced under inflammatory conditions.

Pimelic acid, found in urine, is a significant metabolic marker that provides insights into various biochemical processes within the body. This compound is a dicarboxylic acid that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of biotin, an essential B-vitamin necessary for numerous metabolic functions, including the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. 

Pimelic acids are excreted in elevated amounts in urine in disorders of mitochondrial beta-oxidation and disorders of peroxisomal beta-oxidation, for which they are of significant diagnostic value.

Pimelic acid originating from fatty acid synthesis pathway is a bona fide precursor of biotin in B. subtilis.

Oral ingestion of pineapple (in any form) may induce IgE-mediated allergic reactions, such as OAS or even severe reactions like anaphylaxis.

Bromelain is a specific pineapple antigen. When assessed alone it is more sensitive than measuring antibodies against many pineapple proteins.