Porphyrins are a group of compounds defined by their chemical structure. These compounds are by-products of heme synthesis and are normally present at low levels in blood and other body fluids. Porphyrin tests measure porphyrins and their precursors in urine, blood, and/or stool.

Porphyrins are a group of compounds defined by their chemical structure. These compounds are by-products of heme synthesis and are normally present at low levels in blood and other body fluids. Porphyrin tests measure porphyrins and their precursors in urine, blood, and/or stool.

Pentadecanoic acid is an odd numbered fatty acid with a 15-carbon backbone (15:0) and widely considered as one biomarker to assess dairy consumption/intake. It is not normally synthesized by humans, but is found in trace amounts in dairy products (milk fat) and ruminant meat fat.

Pentadecanoic acid is an odd numbered fatty acid with a 15-carbon backbone (15:0) and widely considered as one biomarker to assess dairy consumption/intake. It is not normally synthesized by humans, but is found in trace amounts in dairy products (milk fat) and ruminant meat fat.

Pentadecanoic acid is a 15-carbon saturated fatty acid (15:0) and hence an Odd-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids (OCS-FAs).

Its major dietary source is the butterfat in cow’s milk. It can also be synthesized from propionate.

Most research in fatty acid metabolism has focused on even-chain fatty acids since they represent >99% of total human lipid concentration. For years, it had been concluded that odd chain saturated fatty acids (OCSFAs) were of little significance and used only as internal standards in laboratory methodology. However, there is now a realization that they are, in fact, relevant and important physiologically.

Epidemiology:

Fecal contamination of food or water

Clinical Implications:

- Considered harmless, a non-pathogen

- Infected individuals are usually asymptomatic

- May contribute to dysbiosis

- Also colonizes dogs, cats, and other animals

P. hominis is considered nonpathogenic or commensal. It lives in the large intestine. Exposure occurs via fecal-oral route, and indicates increased risk of exposure to potential pathogens.

PEP A2Glob, also known as Pepsinogen A2 Globulin, is a specific biomarker of considerable interest in the field of gastroenterology and digestive health. Pepsinogen, an inactive precursor of the enzyme pepsin, plays a critical role in protein digestion within the stomach. It is secreted by the gastric chief cells and is converted to active pepsin in the acidic environment of the stomach. The A2 globulin variant of pepsinogen, or PEP A2Glob, is one of the multiple isoforms of pepsinogen. Elevated levels of PEP A2Glob can be indicative of certain gastric conditions.

Peptostreptococcus is a type of bacteria that is part of the normal flora in the human gut but can become noteworthy under certain conditions. The Gut Zoomer panel is a comprehensive test designed to provide a detailed look at the microbial environment within the gastrointestinal tract, offering insights into the balance of beneficial and potentially harmful bacteria. Peptostreptococcus, in this context, is highlighted because its levels can have implications for an individual's health. When in balance, Peptostreptococcus plays a role in the normal processes of the gut, such as helping in the breakdown of proteins and other substances. However, if its levels become too high, it may indicate an imbalance in the gut microbiota, which can be associated with various health issues, including inflammatory conditions and infections. The presence and concentration of Peptostreptococcus, as identified by the Gut Zoomer panel, can therefore provide valuable information for diagnosing gut health issues and guiding treatment decisions. It's essential to interpret these results within the broader context of an individual's health, symptoms, and other test outcomes, ideally under the guidance of healthcare professionals familiar with gut health and the microbiome.

Percent Free Cortisol, Serum refers to the proportion of cortisol in your blood that is not attached to proteins such as corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) or albumin. While about 90–95% of circulating cortisol is bound to these proteins and biologically inactive, the remaining 5–10% is “free” and able to enter cells, where it triggers important physiological effects-including the stress response, metabolism regulation, and immune system modulation.

The percentage of A+B motility in semen analysis is a crucial indicator of sperm's ability to effectively move and play a role in natural conception. Higher percentages are generally associated with better fertility outcomes.

The chemical Perchlorate (PERC) is used in the production of rocket fuel, missiles, fireworks, flares, explosives, fertilizers, and bleach. Studies show that perchlorate is often found in water supplies. Many food sources are also contaminated with percholate. Percholate can disrupt the thyroid’s ability to produce hormones. The EPA has also labeled perchlorate a likely human carcinogen.

Perchlorate (PERC) is a naturally occurring and man-made anion and is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is mainly used for propellants in rocket fuel as well as control static electricity in food packaging. Perchlorate may be accumulated into vegetables through water cycle and other parts in the environment. Perchlorate contamination in food and water has been found to be harmful for human health. Perchlorate is classified as a possible carcinogen. It may disrupt the thyroid’s ability to produce hormones. It has also been linked with lung toxicity and aplastic anemia.

Peruoropentanoate (PFPeA) is a short chain peruoroalkyl acid and used to make various products resistant to oil, stains, grease, and water. PFPeA is ubiquitous in the environment and is spread through water, food, and vehicles. Extensive public health data is not available regarding the health effects of PFPeA, however pre-clinical studies highlight potential concerns regarding cancer, endocrine disruption, accelerated puberty, liver dysfunction, immune system damage, and thyroid changes.

Atypical perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) occur in most patients with ulcerative colitis but only in a minority of those with Crohn's disease.