Reference range:
What Is a Pap Smear?
A Pap smear, also called a Pap test, is a simple and important screening procedure used to detect abnormal cells in the cervix — the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. It helps identify changes that may lead to cervical cancer, often before any symptoms appear.
During the test, a healthcare provider gently collects a small sample of cells from the cervix using a soft brush or swab. These cells are then examined under a microscope or analyzed in a lab to check for precancerous changes, infections, or other abnormalities.
Why It's Done
The Pap smear is a key part of routine gynecological care. It can detect early signs of cervical cancer and conditions like HPV-related cell changes, allowing for early treatment and better outcomes.
Most women and individuals with a cervix should begin screening around age 21 and continue at regular intervals, as recommended by their healthcare provider.
What the Results Mean
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Normal (Negative): No abnormal cells were found.
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Abnormal (Positive): Some cells look unusual and may require further testing, such as another Pap smear, an HPV test (a test that detects the presence of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA or RNA in cervical cells to help identify the risk of developing cervical cancer), or a colposcopy (a procedure that allows a doctor to closely examine the cervix using a special magnifying instrument called a colposcope).
Combined with HPV Testing
Pap smears are often done alongside HPV testing, which looks for high-risk strains of human papillomavirus — the main cause of cervical cancer.
Quick Facts
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Test Type: Cervical cell screening
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Specimen: Cervical swab (collected during pelvic exam)
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Purpose: Detects abnormal or precancerous cervical cells
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Recommended for: Individuals with a cervix, typically ages 21–65
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