Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a substance produced in very small amounts and is necessary for human metabolism and energy production.

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a substance produced in very small amounts and is necessary for human metabolism and energy production.

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a substance produced in very small amounts and is necessary for human metabolism and energy production.

Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) is formed from propionylCoA via methylmalonyl-CoA. Major dietary sources of propionyl-CoA include valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and odd chain fatty acids. MethylmalonylCoA is converted to succinyl-CoA to feed the Citric Acid Cycle via the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. This enzyme is very vitamin B2 dependent. In B12 deficiency, methylmalonyl-CoA is hydrolyzed to methylmalonic acid.

Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) is formed from propionylCoA via methylmalonyl-CoA. Major dietary sources of propionyl-CoA include valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and odd chain fatty acids. MethylmalonylCoA is converted to succinyl-CoA to feed the Citric Acid Cycle via the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. This enzyme is very vitamin B2 dependent. In B12 deficiency, methylmalonyl-CoA is hydrolyzed to methylmalonic acid.

Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) is formed from propionylCoA via methylmalonyl-CoA. Major dietary sources of propionyl-CoA include valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and odd chain fatty acids. MethylmalonylCoA is converted to succinyl-CoA to feed the Citric Acid Cycle via the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. This enzyme is very vitamin B2 dependent. In B12 deficiency, methylmalonyl-CoA is hydrolyzed to methylmalonic acid.

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a substance produced in very small amounts and is necessary for human metabolism and energy production.

Methylmalonic acid is a compound that reacts with vitamin B-12 to produce coenzyme A (CoA). When vitamin B-12 deficiencies occur, methylmalonic acid levels increase.

Methylparaben belongs to the paraben family and is an anti-fungal agent often used in a variety of cosmetics and personal-care products. It is also used as a food preservative. Methylparaben is generally recognized as safe for food and cosmetic antibacterial preservation. Methylparaben is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or through the skin. Studies indicate that methylparaben applied on the skin may react with UVB (Ultraviolet type B), leading to increased skin aging and DNA damage. Methylparaben was responsible for disrupting estrogenic and androgenic receptors too.

Some research has suggested that parabens may have endocrine-disrupting properties and could be associated with certain health issues, such as hormone imbalances. However, the specific health effects of parabens on humans are not well understood, and results from studies have been inconclusive.

Methylsuccinate is a metabolite in the body's biochemical pathways and is primarily associated with the catabolism of certain amino acids, including methionine and threonine. Elevated levels of methylsuccinate can be indicative of metabolic disturbances related to amino acid metabolism. High methylsuccinate levels may stem from various factors, including enzyme deficiencies or genetic mutations in the pathways involved in methionine and threonine metabolism. Such elevations could be associated with conditions like methylmalonic acidemia, which is a group of rare genetic disorders affecting organic acid metabolism.

Methylsuccinic acid is a normal metabolite found in human fluids and is an intermediate metabolite in the breakdown of fatty acids.

Methylsuccinic acid is a normal metabolite found in human fluids and is an intermediate metabolite in the breakdown of fatty acids.

Methylsuccinic acid is a normal metabolite found in human fluids and is an intermediate metabolite in the breakdown of fatty acids.

Methylsuccinic acid is a normal metabolite found in human fluids and is an intermediate metabolite in the breakdown of fatty acids.

The Microalbumin urine test, often abbreviated as "Microalb, Ur," is a crucial diagnostic tool used to detect early signs of kidney damage, particularly in individuals at risk for kidney disease, such as those with diabetes or hypertension. This test measures the level of albumin, a type of protein, in the urine. Normally, albumin is present in low levels in the urine, as healthy kidneys filter it out of the bloodstream and reabsorb it. However, when the kidneys are damaged, they become less efficient at filtration, leading to an increased leakage of albumin into the urine, a condition known as microalbuminuria.

Albumin is not normally found in urine. Temporary dysfunction of the filtration barrier can occur under certain conditions, including fever, dehydration, a urinary tract infection (UTI), and after vigorous exercise, allowing small amounts of albumin through the barrier.

Recommendations for follow-up include three measurements one month apart. Although microalbuminuria does have relatively benign causes, its presence in urine should be further evaluated for serious and chronic conditions.

Many factors affect levels, including gender, race, blood pressure, time of day, exercise, dehydration, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, muscle mass, and amount of food, water, and salt intake, producing up to a 40% daily variation.

Endothelial dysfunction is likely to be involved in the initiation and development of microalbuminuria, initially reversible but becoming fixed with increasing vascular structural changes.