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Optimal range: 3737 - 7048 µg/g creatinine
Homovanillate (aka Homovanillic Acid) is a dopamine metabolite.
Homovanillate and Vanilmandelate are breakdown products from neurotransmitters involved in hormone and nerve impulse transmission, called catecholamines.
Optimal range: 0.16 - 1.8 Ratio
The Organic Acids Test measures levels of HVA (homovanillic acid) and VMA (vanillylmandelic acid), the metabolites of the neurotransmitters, dopamine and epinephrine/norepinephrine. It also measures the ratio of the two metabolites.
Optimal range: 0.32 - 1.4 Ratio
The Organic Acids Test measures levels of HVA (homovanillic acid) and VMA (vanillylmandelic acid), the metabolites of the neurotransmitters, dopamine and epinephrine/norepinephrine. It also measures the ratio of the two metabolites.
Optimal range: 0.23 - 2.8 mmol/mol creatinine
The Organic Acids Test measures levels of HVA (homovanillic acid) and VMA (vanillylmandelic acid), the metabolites of the neurotransmitters, dopamine and epinephrine/norepinephrine. It also measures the ratio of the two metabolites.
Optimal range: 0.1 - 1.8 Ratio
HVA and DOPAC are the major metabolites of dopamine. HVA stands for Homovanillic acid and DOPAC stands for Dihydroxyphenylacetic.
Optimal range: 0.17 - 1.6 mmol/mol creatinine
HVA and DOPAC are the major metabolites of dopamine. HVA stands for Homovanillic acid and DOPAC stands for Dihydroxyphenylacetic.
Optimal range: 0.37 - 3.3 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 2.6 - 8.3 Ratio
HVA and DOPAC are the major metabolites of dopamine. HVA stands for Homovanillic acid and DOPAC stands for Dihydroxyphenylacetic.
Optimal range: 0.74 - 1.88 Ratio
The Organic Acids Test measures levels of HVA (homovanillic acid) and VMA (vanillylmandelic acid), the metabolites of the neurotransmitters, dopamine and epinephrine/norepinephrine. It also measures the ratio of the two metabolites.
Optimal range: 0 - 1.9 casts/lpf
Urinary casts are tiny tube-shaped particles that can be found when urine is examined under the microscope during a test called urinalysis. Hyaline casts can be present in low numbers (0-1/LPF) in concentrated urine of otherwise normal patients and are not always associated with renal disease.
Reference range: NONE SEEN, DETECTED
Urinary casts are tiny tube-shaped particles that can be found when urine is examined under the microscope during a test called urinalysis. Hyaline casts can be present in low numbers (0-1/LPF) in concentrated urine of otherwise normal patients and are not always associated with renal disease.
Optimal range: 0 - 20 ppm
Hydrogen increase over baseline by 90 minutes.
A rise of ≥ 20 ppm from baseline in hydrogen by 90 min should be considered a positive test to suggest the presence of SIBO
Optimal range: 2.23 - 12.41 Healthy Relative Abundance IQR (%)
Sulfate-reducing bacteria convert dietary sulfur and taurine to H2S, a toxic compound that impairs intestinal detoxification pathways and can cause gas that smells like rotten eggs. H2S production is associated with high-protein, low-fiber diets. Sulfate-reducing bacteria compete with methane-producers and acetate-producers for the same H2 substrate; and as a result, it is important to maintain a delicate balance among all three.
Optimal range: 0 - 18 nmol/mg Creatinine
3-Hydroxykynurenine is a metabolic intermediate of the kynurenine pathway that elicits neurotoxic effects.
Optimal range: 0.1 - 0.8 umol/L
Hydroxylysine is an amino acid related to collagen.
What is collagen?
Collagen is the most abundant protein in your body. It is the major component of connective tissues that make up several body parts, including tendons, ligaments, skin and muscles.
Optimal range: 0.2 - 0.4 umol/L
Hydroxylysine is an amino acid related to collagen.
What is collagen?
Collagen is the most abundant protein in your body. It is the major component of connective tissues that make up several body parts, including tendons, ligaments, skin and muscles.
Optimal range: 0.1 - 37.3 umol/g Cr
Hydroxylysine is an amino acid related to collagen.
What is collagen?
Collagen is the most abundant protein in your body. It is the major component of connective tissues that make up several body parts, including tendons, ligaments, skin and muscles.
Optimal range: 0.2 - 0.4 umol/L
Hydroxylysine is an amino acid related to collagen.
What is collagen?
Collagen is the most abundant protein in your body. It is the major component of connective tissues that make up several body parts, including tendons, ligaments, skin and muscles.
Optimal range: 0 - 9 mmol/mol creatinine
Hydroxylysine is an amino acid related to collagen.
What is collagen?
Collagen is the most abundant protein in your body. It is the major component of connective tissues that make up several body parts, including tendons, ligaments, skin and muscles.
