Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus related to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses, and is spread by mosquitoes (especially Culex tritaeniorhynchus).

JEV is the main cause of viral encephalitis in many countries of Asia with an estimated 100 000 clinical cases every year.

Although symptomatic Japanese encephalitis (JE) is rare, the case-fatality rate among those with encephalitis can be as high as 30%. Permanent neurologic, cognitive and behavioural sequelae occur in 30–50% of those with encephalitis.

This test measures the amount of antibodies to anti-Jo-1 in blood. It is used to help diagnose and manage muscle diseases that affects the immune system such as polymyositis (a type of chronic inflammation of the muscles) associated with autoimmune disease.

Presence of Jo-1 (antihistidyl transfer RNA [t-RNA] synthetase) antibody is associated with polymyositis and may also be seen in patients with dermatomyositis.

Polymyositis is one of a group of rare diseases called the inflammatory myopathies that involve chronic (long-standing) muscle inflammation and weakness, and in some cases, pain. Myopathy is a general term used to describe a number of conditions affecting the muscles. All myopathies can cause muscle weakness.

Jo-1 antibody is also associated with pulmonary involvement (interstitial lung disease), Raynaud phenomenon, arthritis, and mechanic's hands (implicated in antisynthetase syndrome).

Detect possible allergic responses to various substances in the environment such as animals, antibiotics, foods, grasses, house dust, mites, insects, insulin, molds, smuts, trees, and weeds; evaluate hay fever, asthma, atopic eczema, and respiratory allergy.

Kappa is a type of immunoglobulin light chain measured on the Immunofixation, Serum (NMH/LFH) panel to help identify abnormal monoclonal protein production, often associated with plasma cell or B-cell disorders. In healthy individuals, kappa and lambda light chains are produced in a balanced ratio, but an excess of kappa may indicate a monoclonal gammopathy such as multiple myeloma, MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), or related conditions. Immunofixation helps pinpoint the presence and type of monoclonal antibody by detecting kappa or lambda light chains linked to specific heavy chains like IgG, IgA, or IgM. An abnormal kappa result—especially if it appears as a monoclonal band or significantly alters the kappa/lambda ratio—can suggest a clonal proliferation of plasma cells. This marker is commonly used alongside other tests like serum free light chain assays, protein electrophoresis, and bone marrow evaluation to confirm diagnosis and guide management of monoclonal plasma cell disorders.

The Kappa Light Chain, Free, Urine test is a highly specialized diagnostic tool used extensively in the field of medical diagnostics to detect and monitor a range of hematological disorders, particularly multiple myeloma and other plasma cell dyscrasias. This test specifically measures the level of free kappa light chains present in the urine, which are small protein fragments produced by plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. Elevated levels of kappa light chains in urine can be an indicator of multiple myeloma, a cancer of plasma cells, or other related disorders. The test is crucial in both the initial diagnostic process and the ongoing monitoring of these conditions, playing a vital role in the early detection and effective management of diseases characterized by abnormal plasma cell growth.

The Kappa/Lambda ratio measures the balance between free kappa and lambda light chains in the blood and helps detect abnormal plasma cell activity. A high ratio suggests excess kappa light chain production, while a low ratio indicates excess lambda—both can signal monoclonal gammopathies like multiple myeloma or MGUS. This ratio is a key marker used alongside other tests to diagnose and monitor plasma cell disorders.

Free light chains will normally be present in the blood at low levels, with a kappa/lambda ratio of approximately 0.26 to 1.65 for individuals with normal kidney function.

Excess production of free kappa or lambda chains can alter this ratio. Monoclonal free light chains are found in serum of patients with multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, mu-heavy chain disease, primary amyloidosis, light chain deposition disease, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and lymphoproliferative disorders.

When the test is used to monitor a known plasma cell disorder, a decrease in the quantity of excess light chain and a more normal kappa/lambda ratio may indicate a response to treatment.

Decreased free light chains with a normal kappa/lambda ratio may be seen with a disorder that suppresses bone marrow cell production.

The Kappa/Lambda Free Ratio (Urine) test is a sophisticated diagnostic assessment extensively utilized in the field of medical diagnostics, particularly in hematology and oncology. This test plays a pivotal role in the detection and management of multiple myeloma and other plasma cell disorders. It measures the ratio of kappa to lambda free light chains in urine. Free light chains are small protein segments produced by plasma cells in the bone marrow. In a healthy individual, kappa and lambda light chains are produced in a relatively balanced ratio. However, an imbalance in this ratio, as indicated by the Kappa/Lambda Free Ratio (Urine) test, can be a significant marker for various hematological conditions.

Alpha-Ketoisovalerate requires Vitamin B1, B5, lipoic acid, B2, and B3 (in descending order of significance) to be metabolized. As your food is broken down, specific compounds are formed at steps that require B vitamin assistance. a-Ketoisovalerateis one of these compounds. If these nutrients are insufficient, the keto acids may build up in the urine.

What are ketones?

Ketones are produced when the body burns fat for energy. Normally, your body gets the energy it needs from carbohydrates in your diet. But stored fat is broken down and ketones are made if your diet does not contain enough carbohydrate to supply the body with sugar (glucose) for energy or if your body can't use blood sugar (glucose) properly.

Having some ketones in your urine is normal. However, high ketone levels in urine may be a sign of too much acid in your body (ketoacidosis). The most common and life-threatening type of ketoacidosis is a complication of diabetes called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). If left untreated DKA can cause damage to organs and even death. This is why it is important to know the signs of ketonuria and when to check your ketone levels with a urine or blood test.

Elevated antibody levels can be clinically significant — while the antibodies themselves don’t destroy anything, they do trigger an inflammatory response that can cause significant destruction of tissue and resulting symptoms. This response is not necessarily dependent on antibody levels. However, an equivocal result may mean you are just beginning to exhibit an immune reaction, so this is an important time to take measures to support the body in damping immune reactivity.

Klebsiella are gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacteria. Array 12 assesses immune reactivity to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae uti.