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Optimal range: 1.7 - 47.1 umol/L
Both 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine are histidine metabolites which have been proposed as markers of meat intake. Note that some confusion exists in the literature regarding the numbering of atoms in the imidazole ring of histidine – 1 versus 3 – and thus, there is caution with interpretation and clinical significance of these two markers.
3-methylhistidine is a constituent of actin and myosin, the contractile proteins of skeletal muscles. Urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine may be a result of muscle breakdown or consumption of meat fibers. Unlike 1-methylhistidine, 3-methylhistidine has been shown to increase in fasting states indicating catabolism of muscle tissue. Therefore, this marker is more variable with regards to animal protein consumption.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
Moderate increase may result from lactic acidosis, episodic ketosis, or thiamine/lipoic acid deficiency. Significant elevations are associated with genetic issues, MSUD, and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.
- Slight elevations may be due to deficiencies of the vitamins thiamine or lipoic acid.
- Elevated values are also associated with the genetic diseases maple syrup urine disease or pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
Moderate increase may result from lactic acidosis, episodic ketosis, or thiamine/lipoic acid deficiency. Significant elevations are associated with genetic issues, MSUD, and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.
- Slight elevations may be due to deficiencies of the vitamins thiamine or lipoic acid.
- Elevated values are also associated with the genetic diseases maple syrup urine disease or pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
Moderate increase may result from lactic acidosis, episodic ketosis, or thiamine/lipoic acid deficiency. Significant elevations are associated with genetic issues, MSUD, and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.
- Slight elevations may be due to deficiencies of the vitamins thiamine or lipoic acid.
- Elevated values are also associated with the genetic diseases maple syrup urine disease or pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0 - 2.6 mmol/mol
3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
Moderate increase may result from lactic acidosis, episodic ketosis, or thiamine/lipoic acid deficiency. Significant elevations are associated with genetic issues, MSUD, and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.
- Slight elevations may be due to deficiencies of the vitamins thiamine or lipoic acid.
- Elevated values are also associated with the genetic diseases maple syrup urine disease or pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.
Optimal range: 0.02 - 0.22 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Methyl-4-OH-Phenylglycol (MHPG) is a byproduct of the central nervous system’s norepinephrine (NE) metabolism. MHPG metabolizes to vanilmandelic acid (VMA) in the liver using the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Urinary MHPG was originally thought to represent CNS sympathetic output, but is now known to be principally derived from peripheral neuronal NE metabolism.
MHPG has been widely studied as a marker to predict response to medications used in mood disorders or as a biomarker to monitor pharmacotherapies.
Optimal range: 0.02 - 0.22 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Methyl-4-OH-Phenylglycol (MHPG) is a byproduct of the central nervous system’s norepinephrine (NE) metabolism. MHPG metabolizes to vanilmandelic acid (VMA) in the liver using the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Urinary MHPG was originally thought to represent CNS sympathetic output, but is now known to be principally derived from peripheral neuronal NE metabolism.
MHPG has been widely studied as a marker to predict response to medications used in mood disorders or as a biomarker to monitor pharmacotherapies.
Optimal range: 0.02 - 0.22 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Methyl-4-OH-phenylglycol is the breakdown product from norepinephrine, but it may also be produced from epinephrine to a lesser extent.
Optimal range: 0 - 0 ug/mg CR
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 7 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 3 - 17 mmol/mol creatinine
The marker, 3-methylglutaconic acid in high values indicates a reduced ability to metabolize the amino acid, leucine. This abnormality is found in the genetic disease, methylglutaconic aciduria and in mitochondrial disorders.
Optimal range: 0 - 6.2 mmol/mol
The marker, 3-methylglutaconic acid in high values indicates a reduced ability to metabolize the amino acid, leucine. This abnormality is found in the genetic disease, methylglutaconic aciduria and in mitochondrial disorders.
Optimal range: 0 - 4.5 mmol/mol creatinine
The marker, 3-methylglutaconic acid in high values indicates a reduced ability to metabolize the amino acid, leucine. This abnormality is found in the genetic disease, methylglutaconic aciduria and in mitochondrial disorders.
Optimal range: 0.38 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
The marker, 3-methylglutaconic acid in high values indicates a reduced ability to metabolize the amino acid, leucine. This abnormality is found in the genetic disease, methylglutaconic aciduria and in mitochondrial disorders.
Optimal range: 0 - 6.9 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 0.76 mmol/mol creatinine
3-methylglutaric acid is an organic acid classically associated with two distinct leucine pathway enzyme deficiencies.
Optimal range: 0 - 3 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0.07 - 0.95 mmol/mol creatinine
3-methylglutaric acid is an organic acid classically associated with two distinct leucine pathway enzyme deficiencies.
Optimal range: 0.02 - 0.38 mmol/mol creatinine
3-methylglutaric acid is an organic acid classically associated with two distinct leucine pathway enzyme deficiencies.
Optimal range: 0.01 - 0.97 mmol/mol creatinine
3-methylglutaric acid is an organic acid classically associated with two distinct leucine pathway enzyme deficiencies.
