Special proteins, apoproteins, play an important role in moving lipoproteins around the body and facilitating their interactions with other cells. The most important of these are the apoB class, residing on VLDL, IDL, and LDL particles, and the apoA-I class, residing for the most part on the HDL particles.

VLDL are one of the major triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. They carry endogenous, hepatically synthesized triglycerides, largely derived from dietary carbohydrate or from plasma NEFA (=Non-Esterified Fatty Acids), and are of a large size (30–60 nm diameter).

Each VLDL particle has a single molecule of a larger apoB form, apoB100, with other apolipoproteins (apoE and apoCs) being acquired in plasma from HDL.

The levels of VLDL are not the only thing that matters. The size and chemical makeup of VLDL particles also contribute to health risks.

VLDL size is dependent on the triglyceride content, with large buoyant triglyceride-enriched VLDL being formed at times of triglyceride excess.

This is a ratio calculated by dividing very low density lipoprotein cholesterol by triglycerides.

A high ratio is linked to abnormal lipid metabolism and increased risk of CVD events.

Optimal: <0.20

Borderline: 0.20 – 0.30

Increased Risk: >0.30

The VLDL-C/TG Ratio is a specialized marker used to evaluate your cardiovascular health more accurately. VLDL stands for Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, which is one of the five major types of lipoproteins that transport fats and cholesterol in the body. TG stands for triglycerides, another type of fat in your blood. Both VLDL-C and TG are important because they can impact your risk of developing heart disease. The VLDL-C/TG ratio is calculated by dividing the VLDL cholesterol level by the triglyceride level. This ratio can help doctors understand more about the composition and size of the particles carrying cholesterol in your blood. Smaller, denser particles are often considered more harmful because they can more easily penetrate the lining of arteries and form plaques, which can lead to blockages. By analyzing this ratio, healthcare providers can gain insights into your lipid profile and cardiovascular risk, beyond what traditional cholesterol tests offer. A high VLDL-C/TG ratio might indicate an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and could prompt further investigation or intervention to manage this risk. Understanding this marker can be crucial in tailoring a more effective treatment plan to protect your heart health.

If your levels are borderline:

A borderline elevated VLDL-C/TG ratio means that while your levels are not in the high-risk category, they are not entirely in the clear, either. This could imply a slightly increased risk of developing conditions like heart disease, especially if accompanied by other risk factors such as high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, or a family history of heart disease.

It's important to consider this marker in the context of a comprehensive lipid profile and your overall health. For some individuals, borderline elevated levels may prompt lifestyle modifications and possibly medical interventions to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. This might include changes in diet, increased physical activity, weight management, and possibly medication. Regular monitoring and a holistic approach to health can help manage this risk effectively. If you have borderline elevated VLDL-C/TG ratio levels, it's essential to discuss with your healthcare provider the best strategies for you to maintain or improve your cardiovascular health.

Vanilmandelate is a metabolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine (also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline).

Semen volume refers to the amount of seminal fluid ejaculated during a male's orgasm. On average, the volume of semen in a single ejaculation typically ranges between 2 to 5 milliliters, equivalent to approximately 0.12 to 0.31 cubic inches in volume for human males. However, this volume can vary among individuals and may be influenced by factors such as age, sexual activity, and overall health.

Semen volume is an essential aspect of male reproductive health, as it plays a role in delivering sperm to the female reproductive tract for fertilization. It is commonly analyzed in semen analysis tests to assess male fertility and reproductive function, as deviations from the normal volume may indicate underlying issues. It's important to note that the idea of increasing semen volume through products or methods is largely a myth, as it is primarily determined by individual biology and health factors, not external interventions.

O volume corpuscular médio (VCM) indica o volume médio das células vermelhas do sangue no corpo. Ele é frequentemente medido como parte dos índices de glóbulos vermelhos em um exame de hemograma completo. Os resultados dos índices de glóbulos vermelhos ajudam o profissional de saúde a determinar se há anemia e, em caso afirmativo, qual é o tipo de anemia.

O Volume Plaquetário Médio (MPV) é um cálculo que indica o tamanho médio das plaquetas no sangue. Essa medição é geralmente realizada como parte de um hemograma completo. Um MPV anormal, por si só, não é um indicativo de doença ou distúrbio. Os valores do MPV são comparados com outros tipos de contagens sanguíneas para fornecer ao profissional de saúde mais informações sobre possíveis condições médicas.

Drinking more fluids can help lower your risk of kidney stones. The goal is to increase the amount of urine that flows through your kidneys and also to lower the concentrations of substances that promote stone formation. While you can vary the types of beverages you drink, sugar-sweetened beverages (such as soda and sports drinks) actually seem to increase the risk of kidney stones; they have other negative health effects as well and should therefore be avoided.

Vomitoxin (aka Deoxynivalenol or DON), a tricothecene mycotoxin, is produced by several species of Fusarium. DON has been associated with outbreaks of acute gastrointestinal illness in humans. The FDA advisory level for DON for human consumption is 1 ppm.

Vomitoxin (aka Deoxynivalenol or DON), a tricothecene mycotoxin, is produced by several species of Fusarium. DON has been associated with outbreaks of acute gastrointestinal illness in humans. The FDA advisory level for DON for human consumption is 1 ppm.

A von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity – ristocetin cofactor test lets you evaluate the functioning of the protein vWF, which helps blood to clot. A clot is a lump of blood that the body produces to prevent excessive bleeding by sealing leaks from blood vessels caused by wounds, cuts, scratches, or other conditions.

The blood’s ability to clot is a complex process involving platelets (also called thrombocytes) and proteins called clotting factors. Platelets are oval-shaped cells made in the bone marrow. Most clotting factors are made in the liver. Some, like vWF, are made in blood vessel walls.

What Is a Von Willebrand Factor Antigen Test?

Von Willebrand factor is involved in a few stages of blood clotting.

Proteins called clotting factors are needed for blood to clot properly and help prevent too much bleeding. A von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen test measures the amount of a clotting factor called von Willebrand factor.

The body's clotting factors work together in a special order, almost like pieces of a puzzle. When the last piece is in place, the clot develops. But if there aren't enough of them, or any of them don't work as they should, it can take longer than normal for blood to clot.

Normally, when a blood vessel is damaged and bleeding begins, VWF forms an adhesive bridge between activated cell fragments called platelets and the injury site. This is followed by the clumping (aggregation) of platelets at the site and a series of actions referred to as activation of the coagulation cascade, resulting in the formation of a stable blood clot.

The von Willebrand Factor (VWF) Activity/VWF Antigen Ratio is a critical laboratory marker used in the diagnosis and evaluation of von Willebrand disease (VWD), a bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor, a protein essential for blood clotting. This ratio is particularly helpful in distinguishing between different types of VWD and in assessing the severity of the condition.