Autoantibodies to proteinase-3 (PR-3) are accepted as characteristic for granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, Wegener's), and are detectable in 95% of the histologically proven cases. The cytoplasmic IFA pattern, (c-ANCA), is based largely on autoantibody to PR-3 which serves as the primary antigen. These autoantibodies are present in active disease.

Proteobacteria (phylum)

Proteobacteria include a wide variety of pathogens, including species within the Escherichia, Shigella Salmonella, Vibrio, and Helicobacter genera. The phylum includes a number of species that are permanent residents of the microbiota and capable of inducing nonspecific inflammation and diarrhea when their presence is increased. Proteobacteria make up approximately 2% of the gut microbiota in healthy adults.

A high-fat diet is positively associated with an abundance of Proteobacteria. Slightly increased abundance of Proteobacteria may be associated with low-grade inflammation. Proteobacteria are increased in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Higher abundance of Proteobacteria has been associated with a moderate to severe disease course in newly discovered ulcerative colitis patients. They are associated with diarrhea in IBS.

Proteobacteria are a diverse phylum, comprised with several subclasses: Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Epsilonproteobacteria, and Zetaproteobacteria.

The Proteobacteria are commonly occurring in healthy mammalian GI microbiomes and include common human pathogens. Proteobacteria contribute to homeostasis of the anaerobic environment of the gastrointestinal tract. It has a role in protein and sugar degradation and maintaining oxygen homeostasis within the gut.

Gram-negative Proteobacteria are a source of lipopolysaccharide associated with metabolic endotoxemia. Bifidobacterium species within Actinobacteria produce health-promoting metabolites like IL-10, SCFA, and GABA. Consuming a balanced diet with a wide variety of fibers, polyphenols, and a healthy level of fat can help balance this ratio.

Opportunistic Bacteria associated with Autoimmunity. 

Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum. High levels may indicate increased intestinal inflammatory activity; May contribute to loose stools or diarrhea; Pets or wild animals can be a source

Opportunistic Bacteria associated with Autoimmunity. 

Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum. High levels may indicate increased intestinal inflammatory activity; May contribute to loose stools or diarrhea; Pets or wild animals can be a source.

Opportunistic Bacteria associated with Autoimmunity. 

Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum. High levels may indicate increased intestinal inflammatory activity; May contribute to loose stools or diarrhea; Pets or wild animals can be a source

Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum. High levels may indicate increased intestinal inflammatory activity; May contribute to loose stools or diarrhea; Pets or wild animals can be a source.

Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum. High levels may indicate increased intestinal inflammatory activity; May contribute to loose stools or diarrhea; Pets or wild animals can be a source.

Prothrombin Fragment 1.2 is stable degradation product and its measurement in plasma can be used as a marker of Thrombin generation. Measurement of F1+2 has been used to diagnose Pre-thrombotic states and Thrombotic disorders and in addition to monitor the efficacy of treatment in these disorders.

Prothrombin time (PT) is a blood test that measures the time it takes for the liquid portion (plasma) of your blood to clot.

Prothrombin time (PT) is a blood test that measures the time it takes for the liquid portion (plasma) of your blood to clot. A prothrombin time test can be used to check for bleeding problems. PT is also used to check whether medicine to prevent blood clots is working. A PT test may also be called an INR test. INR stands for 'international normalized ratio'.

The free prostate-specific antigen test, known as the free PSA test, is used to help detect signs of prostate cancer. The test measures the level of unbound prostate-specific antigen in the blood, which can help doctors to diagnose issues like inflammation of the prostate or cancer.

Free PSA tests are often used alongside other PSA tests to confirm a diagnosis or test results. Free PSA tests can also be used instead of a biopsy if the doctor suspects prostate cancer, but a biopsy may still be needed.