The mumps virus belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, which also encompasses parainfluenza virus serotypes 1-4, measles, respiratory syncytial virus, and metapneumovirus. Mumps is highly contagious, primarily transmitted through inhaling infected respiratory droplets or secretions. After an incubation period of around two weeks, symptoms typically manifest suddenly, including low-grade fever, headache, and malaise.

Murine typhus is a disease transmitted by fleas. Endemic typhus, flea-borne typhus, and shop fever are other names used for this disease. It is caused by the bacterium, Rickettsia typhi, and possibly Rickettsia felis, found in infected fleas and their feces.

The Murine typhus IgG by IFA (Indirect Fluorescent Antibody) marker is a specific and sensitive serological test used to diagnose Murine typhus. This test is designed to detect Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the patient's blood that are specific to R. typhi. IgG antibodies are typically produced in response to an infection several weeks after initial exposure and can persist in the bloodstream for a long time, often for the individual's lifetime.

Muscle fibers in the stool are an indicator of incomplete digestion. Bloating, flatulence, feelings of “fullness” may be associated with increase in muscle fibers.

The presence of muscle fibers in the stool is an indicator of incomplete digestion. This may be due to a number of factors including excessive meat intake and insufficient mastication. Other factors may include insufficient hydrochloric acid secretion within the stomach and/or insufficient output of pancreatic enzymes. Bloating and flatulence often accommodate hypochlorhydria and insufficient pancreatic enzyme output.

Elevated antibody levels can be clinically significant — while the antibodies themselves don’t destroy anything, they do trigger an inflammatory response that can cause significant destruction of tissue and resulting symptoms. This response is not necessarily dependent on antibody levels. However, an equivocal result may mean you are just beginning to exhibit an immune reaction, so this is an important time to take measures to support the body in damping immune reactivity.

What Is the MuSK Antibodies Test?

The MuSK Abs, Serum test detects antibodies against Muscle-Specific Kinase (MuSK) in your blood. These antibodies are associated with a type of autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG)—a condition that causes muscle weakness due to a breakdown in communication between nerves and muscles.

MuSK is a protein that plays a key role in forming and maintaining the connection between nerve endings and muscle fibers. When the immune system creates antibodies that attack MuSK, it can lead to impaired nerve-muscle signaling and muscle fatigue.

Why Is This Test Important?

This test is especially helpful in diagnosing seronegative myasthenia gravis—cases where patients have MG symptoms but test negative for acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies. MuSK antibodies are found in about 5–8% of MG patients, particularly in those with:

• Facial, throat, and respiratory muscle weakness

• Rapid symptom progression

• Less eye-related symptoms compared to AChR-positive MG

Mutated citrullinated vimentin (MCV) antibody is a specific type of autoantibody that has gained attention in the context of rheumatology, particularly in the diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Citrullination is a post-translational modification of proteins, which is a normal process in cell death and differentiation.

In a complete blood count (CBC) the MXD # refers to the combined count of mixed white blood cells which includes monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. This helps to understand the relative and absolute numbers of these less common white blood cells which can be important in diagnosing various conditions.

→ Monocytes: These cells fight off bacteria, viruses and fungi. They also remove dead or damaged tissues and regulate immune responses.

→ Eosinophils: These cells are involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions and asthma.

→ Basophils: These cells are involved in inflammatory responses and allergic reactions.

In a complete blood count (CBC) the MXD # refers to the combined count of mixed white blood cells which includes monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. This helps to understand the relative and absolute numbers of these less common white blood cells which can be important in diagnosing various conditions.

→ Monocytes: These cells fight off bacteria, viruses and fungi. They also remove dead or damaged tissues and regulate immune responses.

→ Eosinophils: These cells are involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions and asthma.

→ Basophils: These cells are involved in inflammatory responses and allergic reactions.

Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) is a gram-positive, slow-growing bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content. It is present mainly in cattle and transmitted to humans by drinking unpasteurized animal milk. M. avium, M. bovis and M. tuberculosis are the most common human acquired mycobacteria.

Mycophenolic Acid is an antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral mycotoxin acid. It is produced by the Penicillium fungus. 

Mycophenolic Acid is an immunosuppressant which inhibits the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes. Mycophenolic Acid exposure can increase the risk of opportunistic infections such as clostridia and Candida. 

Mycophenolic Acid is associated with miscarriage and congenital malformations when the woman is exposed in pregnancy.

Mycophenolic Acid is an antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral mycotoxin acid. It is produced by the Penicillium fungus. 

Mycophenolic Acid is an immunosuppressant which inhibits the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes. Mycophenolic Acid exposure can increase the risk of opportunistic infections such as clostridia and Candida. 

Mycophenolic Acid is associated with miscarriage and congenital malformations when the woman is exposed in pregnancy.

Mycophenolic Acid (MPA) is a mycotoxin produced by certain Penicillium molds and is measured on the MycoTox Panel by Mosaic Diagnostics. MPA is biologically active and known for its immunosuppressive effects, particularly on B- and T-lymphocyte proliferation. Elevated levels may indicate ongoing exposure to Penicillium-contaminated environments or foods and can be clinically relevant in individuals with recurrent infections, immune dysregulation, or mold-related illness.

Mycoplasma hominis is from the Tenericutes phylum.

Tenericutes are cell wall-less bacteria that do not synthesize precursors of peptidoglycan. Tenericutes consist of four main clades designated as the Acholeplasma, Spiroplasma, Pneumoniae and Hominis clusters. Tenericutes are typically parasites or commensals of eukaryotic hosts.

Mycoplasma hominis is a fastidious bacterium, which usually colonizes the lower urogenital tract and may cause systemic infections in neonates and genital infections in adults. It can also be the cause of serious extra-genital infections, mainly in immunosuppressed or predisposed subjects.

Mycoplasma hominis is a type of bacteria that naturally lives in the urogenital tract of some healthy people. It’s part of the Mycoplasma family, which are unique bacteria that lack a cell wall—making them harder to detect and treat with standard antibiotics like penicillin.

In many individuals, Mycoplasma hominis is harmless. But in others, especially when it grows out of balance or spreads, it can contribute to urogenital infections, reproductive health issues, and even complications in pregnancy.

What is Mycoplasma pneumoniae – IgG?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a type of bacteria that commonly causes respiratory infections, especially atypical pneumonia—a milder, slower-developing form of pneumonia often referred to as "walking pneumonia." It is also associated with sore throat, prolonged cough, sinusitis, and bronchitis. In some cases, it can contribute to more serious complications such as asthma exacerbations, ear infections, or skin rashes.

The IgG antibody test detects long-term immune response to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. IgG antibodies typically appear several weeks after infection and may remain in the bloodstream for months or even years, indicating past exposure or infection.

What Does a Medium Result Mean?

A medium IgG result reflects a moderate level of antibodies, which may suggest:

• A recent past infection, with IgG levels still stabilizing

• A waning immune response from an older infection

• Borderline reactivity, possibly requiring repeat testing or further evaluation

A medium result alone does not indicate whether the infection is active—it should be considered alongside symptoms and other lab markers, especially IgM.

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Antibody (IgG) testing plays a pivotal role in the serological diagnosis of infections caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a common agent of atypical pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections.

This antibody is a specific type of immunoglobulin G (IgG), which the human immune system produces in response to an infection with this organism.

The presence and levels of Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgG antibodies in a patient's blood are measured to determine whether they have been exposed to the pathogen, either in the recent past or as a more distant infection. Typically, the body starts producing these antibodies 1-2 weeks after the initial infection, and their levels peak around 4-6 weeks post-infection.