Malic Acid is involved in the citric acid cycle (aka. Krebs cycle). The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the mitochondrion to generate chemical energy that fuels the metabolism.

Malic Acid is involved in the citric acid cycle (aka. Krebs cycle). The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the mitochondrion to generate chemical energy that fuels the metabolism.

Fumaric acid uses the fumarase enzyme to become malic acid. Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of malic acid into oxaloacetate. Two forms of this enzyme exist in eukaryotes. One operates within the mitochondria to contribute to the Citric Acid Cycle; the other is in the cytosol where it participates in the malate/ aspartate shuttle.

Riboflavin is an important cofactor for this enzyme and overall mitochondrial energy production and cellular function. Riboflavin (also known as vitamin B2) is one of the B vitamins, which are all water soluble.

At the end of each Citric Acid Cycle, the four-carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated, and the cycle continues.

Malic Acid is involved in the citric acid cycle (aka. Krebs cycle). The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the mitochondrion to generate chemical energy that fuels the metabolism.

Fumaric acid uses the fumarase enzyme to become malic acid. Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of malic acid into oxaloacetate. Two forms of this enzyme exist in eukaryotes. One operates within the mitochondria to contribute to the Citric Acid Cycle; the other is in the cytosol where it participates in the malate/ aspartate shuttle. Riboflavin is an important cofactor for this enzyme and overall mitochondrial energy production and cellular function. At the end of each Citric Acid Cycle, the four-carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated, and the cycle continues.

Fumaric acid uses the fumarase enzyme to become malic acid. Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of malic acid into oxaloacetate. Two forms of this enzyme exist in eukaryotes. One operates within the mitochondria to contribute to the Citric Acid Cycle; the other is in the cytosol where it participates in the malate/ aspartate shuttle. Riboflavin is an important cofactor for this enzyme and overall mitochondrial energy production and cellular function. At the end of each Citric Acid Cycle, the four-carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated, and the cycle continues.

Malonic acid is found to be associated with malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. The name “Malonic” originates from Latin malum, meaning apple. Malonic acid is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain. 

Malonic acid is found to be associated with malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. The name “Malonic” originates from Latin malum, meaning apple. Malonic acid is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain. 

Malonic acid is found to be associated with malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. The name “Malonic” originates from Latin malum, meaning apple. Malonic acid is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain. 

Mandelate is a Styrene metabolite.

Sources of exposure:

- Raw materials (benzene and ethylene) for the manufacture of styrene are supplied primarily from the petroleum industry.

- Used in the manufacture of synthetic rubbers, synthetic latex, polyesters, and plastic products.

- Automotive emissions, tobacco smoke, released from building materials, carpet backing. Low-level exposure may occure through ingestion of food products packaged in polystyrene containers.

- Packaging materials, toys, hobbies, crafts, house wares and appliances, electrical and thermal insulation, fiberglass, pipes, automobile parts, foam cups.

- Emissions from styrene production and disposal procedures - chemical spills, landfill sites and industrial discharges.

- Occupational Exposure: industries and operations concerned with the fabrication and application of plastics - styrene/polystyrene manufacturing plants, resin manufacturers, synthetic rubber plants, boats and automobile plants, laminators.

Mandelate + Phenylglyoxylate are Styrene metabolites.

Sources of exposure:

- Raw materials (benzene and ethylene) for the manufacture of styrene are supplied primarily from the petroleum industry.

- Used in the manufacture of synthetic rubbers, synthetic latex, polyesters, and plastic products.

- Automotive emissions, tobacco smoke, released from building materials, carpet backing. Low-level exposure may occure through ingestion of food products packaged in polystyrene containers.

- Packaging materials, toys, hobbies, crafts, house wares and appliances, electrical and thermal insulation, fiberglass, pipes, automobile parts, foam cups.

Mandelic acid is the major metabolite of styrene. Styrene (vinylbenzene) is used as an intermediate in plastic synthesis. Values less than 5 mg/L are due to normal metabolism of phenylalanine or tyrosine.

Mandelic acid is the major metabolite of styrene. Styrene (vinylbenzene) is used as an intermediate in plastic synthesis. Values less than 5 mg/L are due to normal metabolism of phenylalanine or tyrosine.

→ Mandelic acid and benzoylformate are major metabolites of styrene and ethylbenzene exposure.

→ Styrene is a key component in consumer products. Occupational exposure has been associated with increased rates of pulmonary, neurological, genetic, ocular, and reproductive complications, plus leukemia.

→ Styrene can be found in polystyrene packaging and can migrate into packaged food.

→ Benzoylformate has been associated with metabolism of adrenaline and noradrenaline, and phenylketonuria.

→ In a review of 2005–2006 and 2011–2012 NHANES data (N=4690), smokers had 2-fold and 1.6-fold higher levels of both markers.

→ Eating more vegetables and fruit was associated with decreased levels.