Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is important for mental focus and emotional stability.

Norepinephrine functions as a neurotransmitter and hormone that regulates the “fight or flight” response and elevates blood pressure and heart rate, stimulates wakefulness, and reduces digestive activity.

Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is important for mental focus and emotional stability.

Norepinephrine functions as a neurotransmitter and hormone that regulates the “fight or flight” response and elevates blood pressure and heart rate, stimulates wakefulness, and reduces digestive activity.

The Norepinephrine / Epinephrine ratio is an indicator of epinephrine (adrenaline) conversion (epinephrine is synthesized from norepinephrine). Anxiety, burnout, and poor blood sugar control are associated with a relative epinephrine depletion, and thus an elevated Norepi:Epi ratio.

The Norepinephrine / Epinephrine ratio is an indicator of epinephrine (adrenaline) conversion (epinephrine is synthesized from norepinephrine). Anxiety, burnout, and poor blood sugar control are associated with a relative epinephrine depletion, and thus an elevated Norepi:Epi ratio.

Normetanephrine, a metabolite of norepinephrine, is at normally low levels in the plasma. Certain tumors increase the levels and will increase the levels of nor-metanephrine. The Normetanephrine test, when normal, means these tumors are not present.

Normetanephrine, a metabolite of norepinephrine, is at normally low levels in the plasma. Certain tumors increase the levels and will increase the levels of nor-metanephrine. The Normetanephrine test, when normal, means these tumors are not present.

Metanephrine and normetanephrine are breakdown products (metabolites) of the catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. This test measures the amounts of metanephrine and normetanephrine that are released into the urine over a 24-hour period.

Catecholamines are produced by the adrenal glands (as hormones), small triangular organs located on top of each kidney, and by cells of the sympathetic nervous system (called neurotransmitter substances or neurotransmitters). The primary catecholamines are dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine. Catecholamines are released in response to physical or emotional stress. They help transmit nerve impulses in the brain, increase glucose and fatty acid release for energy, dilate small air passages in the lungs called bronchioles, and dilate the pupils. Norepinephrine also constricts blood vessels, which increases blood pressure, and epinephrine increases heart rate and the rate at which the body uses energy (metabolism).

Normetanephrine is an important metabolite of norepinephrine and serves as a marker for the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Measuring normetanephrine levels can provide valuable information for diagnosing and managing certain medical conditions associated with sympathetic nervous system dysfunction.

Norovirus affects people of all ages causing 19 to 21 million illnesses in the US per year. It is the leading contributor to acute gastroenteritis (AGE) across all age groups. While infections can occur year-round, Norovirus outbreaks tend to peak in cold weather. Norovirus infection symptoms include vomiting with watery, non-bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps; occasionally fever, headache, muscle aches, or fatigue.

Norovirus GI & GII, or Norwalk virus, is the most common cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in the world. It is widely known for causing the stomach flu on cruise ships. Three genotypes of this diverse virus, GI, GII, and GIV, can infect humans.

NT-proBNP is a diagnostic screening tool to differentiate between people with normal and reduced left ventricular systolic function.

- N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP) is a non-active prohormone that is released from the same molecule that produces BNP.

- B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone produced by your heart.

- Both BNP and NT-proBNP are released in response to changes in pressure inside the heart. These changes can be related to heart failure and other cardiac problems.

Levels goes up when heart failure develops or gets worse, and levels goes down when heart failure is stable. In most cases, BNP and NT-proBNP levels are higher in patients with heart failure than people who have normal heart function.

NT-proBNP is a diagnostic screening tool to differentiate between people with normal and reduced left ventricular systolic function.

- N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP) is a non-active prohormone that is released from the same molecule that produces BNP.

- B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone produced by your heart.

- Both BNP and NT-proBNP are released in response to changes in pressure inside the heart. These changes can be related to heart failure and other cardiac problems.

Levels goes up when heart failure develops or gets worse, and levels goes down when heart failure is stable. In most cases, BNP and NT-proBNP levels are higher in patients with heart failure than people who have normal heart function.

The Nuclear Dot Pattern, observed in Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) testing, is a distinctive immunofluorescence pattern characterized by discrete speckles or dots within the cell nucleus. This pattern emerges when specific autoantibodies in the patient's serum react with nuclear proteins, most notably Sp100 and promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein. The presence of a Nuclear Dot Pattern is of clinical significance as it is often associated with certain autoimmune conditions.

The nucleated cell count in CSF is a vital marker of immune system activity within the brain and spinal cord. Elevated levels often point to infection, inflammation, malignancy, or other CNS pathology, and always require interpretation in the context of other laboratory findings and clinical symptoms. A normal count generally suggests no active CNS inflammation or infection, but results must be considered alongside the patient’s overall clinical picture.

Nucleated Red Blood Cells (NRBCs) are immature red blood cells that have not yet expelled their nucleus. In a typical Complete Blood Count (CBC) test, the presence of NRBCs is significant and can provide valuable insights into a patient's health. While NRBCs are common in the bone marrow, where red blood cells are produced, they usually do not circulate in peripheral blood. Therefore, the appearance of NRBCs in a CBC test panel is noteworthy and often indicates an abnormality or a stress response within the body.

The percentage of NRBCs in blood can be crucial for diagnosing various conditions. Normally, these cells are filtered out of the bloodstream as they mature in the bone marrow, so their presence in a CBC indicates that the bone marrow is releasing cells into the bloodstream prematurely. This can occur due to several reasons, such as severe anemia, hypoxia, bone marrow disorders, or other conditions that disrupt normal red blood cell production. In such cases, the bone marrow may be overactive or under stress, leading to the premature release of these immature cells.

The term 'NRBC' – 'nucleated red blood cells' – refers to precursor cells of the red blood cell lineage which still contain a nucleus.