Bacterial species in the Actinobacteria phylum. Higher levels have been associated with Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

Penicillium Chrysogenum is a widely studied species of Penicillium that is most famous for being a source of penicillin and several other antibiotics.

The "M001-IgG Penicillium chrysogenum" marker is a blood test that measures the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against Penicillium chrysogenum, a type of mold commonly found in indoor environments, including on decaying organic matter, building materials, and even certain foods like cheese. Penicillium chrysogenum is also known for being the source of penicillin, an antibiotic.

When an individual is exposed to Penicillium chrysogenum, their immune system may produce IgG antibodies, particularly if they have a sensitivity or intolerance to this mold. IgG antibodies are typically associated with delayed-type immune responses, meaning symptoms related to mold exposure may not appear immediately but could take hours or days to manifest. Elevated levels of the M001-IgG Penicillium chrysogenum marker suggest an immune response to this mold, which could potentially contribute to various symptoms.

Cladosporium, a well known trigger for asthmatic attacks, is one of the most widespread molds.

Cladosporium includes about 40 species naturally found in soil, on decaying plant material and as plant pathogens. 

In an indoor environment, Cladosporium spp. occur as secondary wall colonizers, appearing after the primary ones such as Penicillium species, Aspergillus versicolor and Wallemia sebi. Cladosporiumis very common on wet building material (e.g., gypsum board, acrylic painted walls, wood, wallpaper, carpet and mattress dust, HVAC fans, and wet insulation in mechanical cooling units).

The "M002-IgG Cladosporium herbarum" marker is a blood test that measures the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against Cladosporium herbarum, a common mold species. This mold is typically found in both indoor and outdoor environments, especially in damp or decaying organic materials, such as soil, plants, and wood. Cladosporium herbarum is one of the most prevalent outdoor molds and is frequently found in areas with high humidity, as well as in poorly ventilated indoor spaces.

When an individual is exposed to Cladosporium herbarum, their immune system may produce IgG antibodies in response. Elevated levels of these antibodies suggest that the person may have a sensitivity or intolerance to this mold, which could lead to various health symptoms.

The fungus Aspergillus fumigatus causes allergic diseases, respiratory illnesses, and bloodstream infections.

Normal soil inhabitant. Found around barns and barnyards where it grows on animal waste.

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by yeasts that belong to the genus Candida. There are over 20 species of Candida yeasts that can cause infection in humans, the most common of which is Candida albicans.

Alternaria alternata is one of the most common fungi associated with asthma. Not only the presence of asthma but also persistence and severity of asthma have been strongly associated with sensitization and exposure to A alternata. Although exposure to Alternaria is an important risk factor for asthma, few studies have assessed exposure to this fungus in indoor environments.

A alternata, a cosmopolitan saprophyte commonly found in soil and plants, is usually considered an outdoor allergen.

Although most intense exposure is likely to occur outdoors, Alternariaand other allergenic fungi are also found in indoor environments.

Alternaria alternata is one of the most common fungi associated with asthma.

Not only the presence of asthma but also persistence and severity of asthma have been strongly associated with sensitization and exposure to A alternata. Although exposure to Alternaria is an important risk factor for asthma, few studies have assessed exposure to this fungus in indoor environments.

Botrytis cinerea is called the grey mold, as it covers the decayed tissues with conidiophores.

B. cinerea is found regularly in the soil, though its proportion of the total fungus population is not high. It can be parasitic on a wide range of plants, causing blight or rot of leaves, flowers and fruits. It is called the grey mold, as it covers the decayed tissues with conidiophores, e.g. grey mold of cabbage or lettuce, tomato. It is especially seen in connection with soft fruits, e.g. strawberries and grapes.

Individuals exposed to B. cinerea may be sensitised to this fungus without experiencing any clinical symptoms, or may experience exacerbation of symptoms of asthma, hayfever or sinusitis, or may develop hypersensitivity pneumonitis (also known as 'winegrower's lung'). IgE- binding components from B. cinerea appear to have both early- and late-phase antigens.

Setomelanomma/Helminthosporium almost always occurs seasonally and the spores are released on dry, hot days. Species of Helminthosporium are best known as parasites of cereals and grasses. It is frequently isolated from grains, grasses, sugar cane, soil and textiles.

- Found worldwide, most common in warm areas, especially in the southern U.S.

- Important in the Midwest as it grows on farm crops, especially corn. 

- Grain thrashing operations release large quantities. 

Members of the genus Fusarium are ubiquitous fungi commonly found in soils and plants.

Fusarium proliferatum can be found on a wide host range as well as pathogenic on various agricultural crops. Fusarium proliferatum is a common pathogen infecting numerous crop plants and occuring in various climatic zones.

The marker "M010-IgE Stemphylium herbarum" refers to a specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) test used to detect sensitivity or allergic reactions to the mold Stemphylium herbarum. Stemphylium herbarum is a common fungus found in various environments, including outdoor locations such as soil, decaying plant material, and dead leaves. This mold species is prevalent during late summer and fall, particularly in temperate and humid climates. It can release spores into the air, which can be inhaled by individuals, potentially triggering an allergic response in susceptible people. The M010-IgE test measures the level of specific IgE antibodies in the blood that are directed against Stemphylium herbarum. Elevated levels of these antibodies indicate that the immune system is sensitized to this particular mold, meaning that exposure to it may cause allergic symptoms. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, itchy eyes, coughing, wheezing, and other respiratory issues. In some cases, exposure can also aggravate asthma or other chronic respiratory conditions.

Together with Alternaria, Stemphylium is considered one of the most important mould allergens in the United States.

Rhizopus nigricans is a fungus commonly known as bread mold and is the most common species of Rhizopus. It is found on old food and in soils and even in children's sandboxes. The genus contains some 50 species and bread mold is sometimes confused with species of Mucor or other species of Rhizopus like Rhizopus oryzae. The spores, dispersed in hot dry weather, contain allergenic proteins with 31 distinct allergens, which can produce respiratory and nasal symptoms in concentration (chronic cough, dyspnea, chest tightness, chronic phlegm, snuffle, snizzle and allergic rhinitis). Food handling workers are particularly at risk if they are mold allergic.

It is a commonly encountered species in wet buildings. It is both a soil and leaf fungus.

Epicoccum can colonize an extremely wide variety of substrates. It lives in soil all over the world and is often associated with aging or decaying plant material. It is also a phytopathogen, causing leaf spot disease in many plants. It is an agent of food spoilage and has been known to develop on apples, cantaloupes, fresh vegetables, nuts and cereals, rice, wheat, maize, pecans, peanuts, cashews, soybean and frozen or cured meats. Interestingly Epicoccum can also colonize freshwater and marine environments and has been isolated from sediment, sponges, algae and other sea plants.