Sirolimus is often referred to by the brand name Rapamune.

Sirolimus is an immunosuppressant drug used in the prophylaxis of organ rejection in patients receiving transplants.

Sirolimus can be used in combination with ciclosporin, tacrolimus or mycophenolate.

Sirolimus levels are measured in order to establish the correct dose, maintain therapeutic levels and ensure that toxic levels are avoided.

Anti-Ro (SS-A) is an autoantibody associated with SLE or Sjögren’s syndrome. Sjögren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly reacts to the tissue in glands that produce moisture, such as tear and salivary glands.

Anti-SS-B (anti-La) is an autoantibody associated with SLE or Sjögren’s syndrome. Sjögren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly reacts to the tissue in glands that produce moisture, such as tear and salivary glands.

Sm antibodies are specific for lupus erythematosus (LE) and occur in approximately 30% of LE patients. The levels of Sm antibodies remain relatively constant over time in patients with LE and are usually found in patients that also have RNP (ribonucleoprotein) antibodies.

SM/RNP Antibody is an extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) associated with Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD).

Extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) are autoantibodies in the blood that react with proteins in the cell nucleus. These proteins are known as “extractable” because they can be removed from cell nuclei using saline and represent six main proteins (Ro, La, Sm, RNP, Scl-70 and Jo1).

Autoantibodies are produced when a person’s immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the body’s own tissues. This attack can cause inflammation, tissue damage, and other signs and symptoms that are associated with an autoimmune disorder.

Certain autoimmune disorders are characteristically associated with the presence of one or more anti-ENA antibodies, such as mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), lupus (SLE), Sjögren syndrome, scleroderma, and polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Autoantibody association can aid in the diagnosis of an autoimmune disorder and help distinguish between other autoimmune disorders. 

Small dense LDL cholesterol (sdLDL-c) has been established to be highly associated with metabolic disorder.

Small dense LDL cholesterol (sdLDL-c), is a distinct LDL cholesterol subclass, which is associated with raised TG and decreased HDL-c levels in adiposity and diabetes, playing a distinct metabolic role in atherosclerosis.

The results of recent studies demonstrate that LDL fractions have different atherogenicity, with sdLDL being more atherogenic than larger LDL subfractions. sdLDL is characterized by the enhanced ability to penetrate the arterial wall that makes it a potent source of cholesterol for the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Importantly, longer circulation times of sdLDL result in multiple atherogenic modifications of sdLDL particles in plasma, further increasing its atherogenicity. Study of the sdLDL role in the development of atherosclerosis and CVD is hindered by significant variations in LDL fractionation results obtained by different methods.

These particles are associated with an increased risk of heart disease; more of these small particles lead to greater risk. Your Small LDL particle score can vary widely, with a lower score being much better. 

Smith antigens, along with RNP antigens, are part of small nuclear RNAs. Levels of antibodies to these two antigens are often elevated in SLE. The Smith antigen is composed of the B1, D, and E proteins.

Anti-Smith antibody has low sensitivity but high specificity for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is occasional present in mixed connective-tissue disease (MCTD).

Anti-Smith antibody levels are elevated in up to 30% of SLE cases and 8% of MCTD cases.

Smith/RNP (ENA) antibodies, predominantly of the IgG class, are a significant marker in the diagnostic landscape of autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). These antibodies target specific proteins found in the cell nucleus, making them a crucial component in the array of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) often tested for in autoimmune diagnostics.

In the context of SLE, the presence of Smith/RNP antibodies is relatively rare but highly specific. This means that while not all SLE patients have these antibodies, those who do are very likely to have SLE. This specificity makes Smith/RNP antibodies an invaluable tool in distinguishing SLE from other autoimmune disorders, which can often present with similar symptoms.

Smooth Muscle Antibodies (SMA), identified through the Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA), are pivotal in diagnosing autoimmune liver diseases, particularly Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH). SMA-IFA testing detects antibodies targeting actin, a protein in smooth muscle cells, often found in patients with AIH.

Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) are electrolytes that affect most metabolic functions. They serve to maintain osmotic pressure and hydration of various body fluid compartments, body pH and regulation of heart and muscle functions. Electrolytes are also involved in oxidation-reduction reactions and participate in essential enzymatic reactions. Electrolytes can be affected by state of hydration. Hemolysis can result in falsely elevated K+.

Sodium is an essential mineral for maintaining water balance and blood pressure in the body and is a primary extra-cellular element