Increased urinary products of the omega fatty acid metabolism pathway may be due to carnitine deficiency, fasting, or increased intake of triglycerides from coconut oil, or some infant formulas.

Increased urinary products of the omega fatty acid metabolism pathway may be due to carnitine deficiency, fasting, or increased intake of triglycerides from coconut oil, or some infant formulas.

Increased urinary products of the omega fatty acid metabolism pathway may be due to carnitine deficiency, fasting, or increased intake of triglycerides from coconut oil, or some infant formulas.

Increased urinary products of the omega fatty acid metabolism pathway may be due to carnitine deficiency, fasting, or increased intake of triglycerides from coconut oil, or some infant formulas.

Increased urinary products of the omega fatty acid metabolism pathway may be due to carnitine deficiency, fasting, or increased intake of triglycerides from coconut oil, or some infant formulas.

Fecal Secretory IgA is a marker of gut secretory immunity and barrier function.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody playing a critical role in mucosal immunity and is produced in greater quantities than all other types of antibody combined.

In its secretory form, Secretory IgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions and provides protection against potentially pathogenic microbes, due to its ability to resist degradation by enzymes and survive in harsh environments such as GI and respiratory tracts.

As the most abundant class of antibody found in the human intestinal lumen, secretory IgA (sIgA) is recognized as a first line of defense in protecting the intestinal epithelium from enteric pathogens and toxins. It is used to assess gastrointestinal barrier function.

Fecal Secretory IgA is a marker of gut secretory immunity and barrier function.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody playing a critical role in mucosal immunity and is produced in greater quantities than all other types of antibody combined.

In its secretory form, Secretory IgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions and provides protection against potentially pathogenic microbes, due to its ability to resist degradation by enzymes and survive in harsh environments such as GI and respiratory tracts.

Every mucosal membrane surface such as the eyes, nose, throat, and gastrointestinal system represent a large portal of entry for pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and yeasts. Secretory IgA (sIgA) is the predominant antibody found on these mucosal membranes, and represents the body’s first line of defense. SIgA levels change in response to stress.

As the most abundant class of antibody found in the human intestinal lumen, secretory IgA (sIgA) is recognized as a first line of defense in protecting the intestinal epithelium from enteric pathogens and toxins. It is used to assess gastrointestinal barrier function.

The marker Sed Rate by Modified Westergren, also known as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or sedimentation rate, is a common blood test used by doctors to measure inflammation in the body, which is the natural response to injury or infection, often involving the immune system.

This test specifically looks at how quickly red blood cells settle to the bottom of a test tube over the course of one hour. The faster the red blood cells settle, the higher the sed rate, indicating potential inflammation.

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell in the found. They are phagocytic, meaning that they engulf and destroy things like bacteria and viruses at the site of an injury. Like all other white blood cells, they also play a part in our body’s inflammatory response to things like allergens. 

Segmented neutrophils, often called “segs” or “segmenters,” are mature white blood cells that play a key role in fighting infections—especially bacterial infections. They are typically measured as part of a complete blood count (CBC) with differential and are reported as a percentage of total white blood cells or as an absolute count.

A normal range for segmented neutrophils is usually around 40–70%, although this can vary slightly by laboratory. Results should always be interpreted alongside your total white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), and other markers.

High segmented neutrophils (neutrophilia) are commonly seen with infections, inflammation, physical or emotional stress, smoking, or corticosteroid use. In most cases, mild elevations are temporary and resolve once the underlying cause improves.

Low segmented neutrophils may occur with viral infections, medication effects, bone marrow suppression, or certain autoimmune or nutritional conditions. Mild decreases are often not concerning, but persistently low levels—especially with a low ANC—may increase infection risk.

Because “segs,” “segmenters,” and “segmented neutrophils” are often used interchangeably on lab reports, understanding this marker can help you better interpret your CBC results and identify whether your immune system is responding to an active condition.

Segmented Neutrophils (CSF) refer to mature white blood cells found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which play a key role in the body’s immune response. Normally, neutrophils are present in low or undetectable levels in the CSF. Elevated levels of segmented neutrophils in a lab report may indicate an infection, particularly bacterial meningitis, or other inflammatory conditions affecting the central nervous system (CNS). It is important to interpret these results in conjunction with other CSF markers and clinical symptoms to accurately diagnose underlying conditions.

Selenium, a trace element found in the whole blood, is a significant component of the Toxic and Essential Elements panel, offering vital insights into an individual's nutritional status and potential toxic exposure. As an essential micronutrient, selenium is crucial for various bodily functions, most notably its role in the synthesis of selenoproteins, which includes important antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin reductases. These enzymes play a critical role in protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals, thereby contributing to immune system function and thyroid hormone metabolism. Selenium's optimal range in the body is narrow: both deficiency and excess can lead to health issues.