Liver-Kidney Microsome IgG antibody (anti-LKM), as detected by indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) techniques, may be observed in patients with autoimmune hepatitis type 2 (AIH-2), AIH-2 associated with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), viral hepatitis C or D, and some forms of drug-induced hepatitis. This IFA does not differentiate among the four types of LKM antibodies (LKM-1, LKM-2, LKM-3, and a fourth type that recognizes CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 antigens). Of these, anti-LKM-1 (cytochrome P450IID6) IgG antibodies are considered specific for AIH-2.

These antibodies target a human body’s produced enzyme called cytochrome P450 2D6, a protein found primarily in liver cells which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism. The development of the LKM antibodies is strongly associated with type 2 autoimmune hepatitis.

Liver Kidney Microsomal (LKM-1) Antibody (IgG)

The presence of LKM-1 antibodies can be used in conjunction with clinical findings and other laboratory tests to aid in the diagnosis of autoimmune liver diseases such as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH-2).

Glutenin is a major protein found in wheat and constitutes about 47% of its protein content. Glutenin is responsible for the strength and elasticity of dough. The main types of glutenin are the LMW (low molecular weight) and the HMW (high molecular weight) glutenin.

HMW glutenin has been associated with Celiac disease, asthma and Atopic dermatitis.

LMW Glutenin has been associated with Celiac disease, asthma, Atopic dermatitis, Urticaria and Anaphylaxis.

The Lobster marker measures IgG antibodies to proteins found in lobster. Results are reported as none detected, very low, low, moderate, or high. These levels reflect immune exposure and recognition rather than a true shellfish allergy. Interpretation should consider symptoms, frequency of shellfish intake, and overall immune health.

Locust bean gum, also known as carob bean gum, comes from the carob seeds of the carob tree, grown in the Mediterranean. It is a hydrocolloid used in food as a thickener, stabilizer and emulsifier.

Locust bean gum is used as a stabilizer, thickener, and fat replacer in foods, and also as an adjunct gelling agent and texturizer to other hydrocolloids such as carrageenan.

Long chain fatty acids are a fecal fat. Fecal fats also include triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids. They are derived predominately from the dietary ingestion of fat, and provide important clues about digestion and absorption.

Long chain fatty acids are a fecal fat. Fecal fats also include triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids. They are derived predominately from the dietary ingestion of fat, and provide important clues about digestion and absorption.

LDL-3 is one of the subfractions of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) — often referred to as “bad cholesterol.” LDL particles transport cholesterol through your bloodstream, but not all LDL particles are the same.

LDL is made up of different particle sizes and densities, classified from LDL-1 (large, buoyant) to LDL-7 (small, dense).

• Larger LDL particles (LDL-1, LDL-2) are considered less harmful.

• Smaller, denser LDL particles (LDL-3 and beyond) are more atherogenic, meaning they are more likely to promote plaque buildup in arteries.

Elevated LDL-3 levels suggest a shift toward smaller, denser LDL particles, which are more easily oxidized and can penetrate the artery wall — a key early step in atherosclerosis.

LDL-4 is one of the small, dense subfractions of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) — the lipoprotein commonly referred to as “bad cholesterol.”

LDL particles vary in size and density, ranging from LDL-1 (large and buoyant) to LDL-7 (very small and dense).

• Larger LDL particles (LDL-1, LDL-2) are considered less harmful.

• Smaller, denser LDL particles (LDL-3, LDL-4, and beyond) are more atherogenic, meaning they have a greater tendency to promote plaque buildup in the arteries.

When LDL-4 is elevated, it indicates a shift toward a more atherogenic (plaque-forming) lipid profile, even if total LDL cholesterol appears normal.

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), also known as platelet activating factor Acetylhydrolase, is an inflammatory enzyme that circulates bound mainly to low density lipoproteins and has been found to be localized and enriched in atherosclerotic plaques.

The LP-IR Score (Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Score) is a blood test that measures insulin resistance using NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy analysis of lipoprotein particle sizes and concentrations. The optimal score is less than 25. Scores of 25–45 are borderline; scores above 45 indicate increasing insulin resistance. Unlike fasting glucose or HOMA-IR, the LP-IR Score can detect insulin resistance earlier by measuring the lipoprotein changes that precede blood sugar abnormalities.