HDL3-C subfractions are significantly and inversely associated with arterial stiffness, suggesting that HDL subfractions are likely more important than HDL-C in preventing cardiovascular disease.

Broadly, HDL can be distinguished into two subfractions, by density: HDL2 cholesterol (HDL2-C) and HDL3 cholesterol (HDL3-C). HDL3-C is well approximated by the sum of small and medium HDL particles (HDL-P), whereas HDL2-C correlates strongly with large HDL-P. There is no consensus, however, on the functions of HDL2-C and HDL3-C. Whereas some researchers have confirmed that large HDL-Ps have a protective effect on CHD, others recognized that the small, dense, protein-rich HDL-Ps display more potent atheroprotective properties than large, buoyant cholesterol-rich particles.

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) or “good” cholesterol is known to decrease the risk of heart attack and stroke by removing “bad” cholesterol from the blood. It is typically assessed through a lipid profile, which measures “good” cholesterol, “bad” cholesterol, and total cholesterol. A healthcare professional may order a lipid profile when an individual is at an increased risk for heart disease or routinely in healthy adults to monitor cardiovascular health.

HDL-C transports cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and vessel walls to the liver for processing and metabolism into bile salts. Unlike LDL-C, HDL-C is often referred to as “good cholesterol” — it is thought that the process of bringing cholesterol from the peripheral tissue to the liver protects against atherosclerosis.

- Decreased HDL-C levels are considered atherogenic.

- Increased HDL-C levels are considered to protect against atherosclerosis.

The ratio of high density lipoprotein cholesterol/triglycerides is a calculated measure.

Optimal: >0.50

Borderline: 0.25–0.50

Increased Risk: <0.25

HDL-P, a measurement of total HDL particle number concentration, may be a better marker of residual risk than chemically measured high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, the so-called “good” cholesterol) or apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1, the major protein on HDL), ie, there may be a more consistent inverse association between cardiovascular endpoints and HDL-P compared with HDL-C.

Direct quantification of HDL-P concentration by NMR may be useful to refine cardiovascular risk and to evaluate novel HDL-directed therapies. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of HDL-P in clinical practice.

H. pylori, a gram-negative bacterium colonizes the gastrointestinal system, where is interferes with intestinal barrier functions, induces inflammatory responses and can contribute to autoimmunity. Mechanisms of autoimmunity include molecular mimicry, polyclonal activation, epitope spreading, bystander activation and super antigen release. H. pylori has been implicated in disorders of the thyroid, liver, joints and nervous system.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection occurs when H. pylori bacteria infect your stomach. Helicobacter pylori has been evolving with human beings for well over 50,000 years, since they migrated out of Africa. H. pylori colonization has been implicated in a variety of gastroduodenal diseases.

The marker Helicobacter pylori Abs, Serum, detected through a serology test using the immunochromatography method, is a crucial diagnostic tool in identifying infections caused by the Helicobacter pylori bacteria. This bacteria is known to cause various gastrointestinal issues, including peptic ulcers and chronic gastritis, and is also associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer. The test works by detecting specific antibodies in the blood that are produced in response to an H. pylori infection. The immunochromatography method is a simple and rapid technique that involves a test strip, which, when exposed to a blood sample, will show visible lines indicating the presence or absence of these antibodies.

The Helicobacter Pylori Ag, EIA, STOOL test by Quest Diagnostics is a non-invasive diagnostic tool used to detect H. pylori antigens in stool samples. H. pylori is a bacteria linked to peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, and stomach cancer. The test involves analyzing a stool sample using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to identify the presence of the bacteria. A positive result indicates an active infection, necessitating antibiotic treatment, while a negative result suggests no current infection. This test is highly sensitive, specific, and suitable for all age groups, providing critical information for early detection and treatment of H. pylori infections.

The urea breath test can be used to aid in the diagnosis of H pylori infection. The test can also be used to assess therapy when it is administered more than a month after completion of therapy.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria. These germs can enter your body and live in your digestive tract. After many years, they can cause sores, called ulcers, in the lining of your stomach or the upper part of your small intestine. 

A hematocrit test (Hct) is a simple blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in your blood. Red blood cells are important because they carry oxygen throughout your body. Test results showing low or high hematocrit levels may be signs of blood disorders or other medical conditions.

A hematocrit test (Hct) is a simple blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in your blood. Red blood cells are important because they carry oxygen throughout your body. Test results showing low or high hematocrit levels may be signs of blood disorders or other medical conditions.

Um teste de hematócrito (Hct) é um exame de sangue simples que mede a porcentagem de glóbulos vermelhos no seu sangue. Os glóbulos vermelhos são importantes porque transportam oxigênio por todo o corpo. Resultados que mostram níveis baixos ou altos de hematócrito podem ser sinais de distúrbios sanguíneos ou outras condições médicas.

What is hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin is the main component of red blood cells. Hemoglobin (abbreviation: Hb) is a red substance made of iron and protein.

What's the function of hemoglobin?

- In the blood, it carries oxygen to the cells in the body from the lungs.

- Hemoglobin also carries carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs, later exhaled from the body. Carbon dioxide is a colorless and odorless gas present in small amounts in the air. It is a result of metabolism in the body. Metabolism is the chemical action in cells that release energy from nutrients or use energy to create other substances.

What are normal reference ranges for hemoglobin?

Normal hemoglobin levels differ depending on several factors, including age, sex at birth, hormonal supplementation, altitude of residence as well as presence of different hemoglobin types that impact hemoglobin turnover and affinity for oxygen binding.

Like other blood values, slightly high or low levels of hemoglobin may be normal for some people. Still, suppose you are falling too far out of the normal range. In that case, your doctor will most likely order more comprehensive testing to determine the cause.