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Reference range: Abnormal < 0.3, Abnormal 0.31-0.89, Normal 0.9 - 1.4, Abnormal > 1.4
LEARN MOREReference range: Abnormal < 0.3, Abnormal 0.31-0.89, Normal 0.9-1.4, Abnormal >1.40
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 0.01 ug/g
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 0.3 µg/g creatinine
Urinary palladium (Pd) provides an indication of recent or ongoing exposure to the metal, and endogenous detoxification to a lesser extent.
As one of the rarest elements in the earth’s crust, Pd is a precious metal associated with the platinum-group metals. The chemical and physical properties of Pd account for its widespread use in catalytic and automobile related industrial applications, electronic devices, dental applications, and fine jewelry (white gold). Currently Pd is used in the manufacture of the tiny multi-layer ceramic capacitors used in wide-screen television screens, computers and mobile phones.
Optimal range: 0 - 1.8 µmol/L
Palmitelaidic acid is a trans fat.
Trans fatty acids are prevalent in most diets because of the widespread use of hydrogenated oils used by manufacturers of margarines, bakery products, and peanut butters.
Optimal range: 18 - 23 wt %
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid.
Palmitic and stearic acids are significant markers for high consumption of saturated fats.
Optimal range: 667 - 2526 µmol/L
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid.
Palmitic and stearic acids are significant markers for high consumption of saturated fats.
Optimal range: 17.5 - 27.1 %
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid.
Palmitic and stearic acids are significant markers for high consumption of saturated fats.
Optimal range: 19 - 27 wt %
Palmitic acid (PA) is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid (16:0) and the most common fatty acid in the human body. It can be obtained via diet or synthesized from carbohydrates, other fatty acids, and amino acids. As the name suggests, it is a major component of palm oil, but can also be found in meat, dairy, cocoa butter, coconut oil, and olive oil.
Palm oil and palmitic acid are also found in many products ranging from skincare products, margarine, cereals, and baked goods.
Optimal range: 0 - 0.64 wt %
Palmitoleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid. Palmitoleic acid is the desaturation product of palmitic acid. Since palmitic acid is predominant in human tissues where desaturase enzyme activity is present, one might expect relatively high levels of palmitoleic acid.
Optimal range: 30 - 256 µmol/L
Palmitoleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid. Palmitoleic acid is the desaturation product of palmitic acid. Since palmitic acid is predominant in human tissues where desaturase enzyme activity is present, one might expect relatively high levels of palmitoleic acid.
