An absolute lymphocytes count tells you the number of cells as an absolute number instead of as a percentage.
An absolute lymphocyte count is the exact number of lymphocytes in a sample of whole blood.
In adults, your normal range of lymphocytes is between 0.7 - 3.1 x10E3/uL.
What are Lymphocytes and what do they do?
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. They play an important role in your immune system, which helps your body fight disease and infection. Your immune system is made up of an intricate web of immune cells, lymph nodes, lymph tissue and lymphatic organs. Lymphocytes are a type of immune cell.
There are two main types of lymphocytes:
T lymphocytes (T cells): T cells control your body’s immune system response and directly attack and kill infected cells and tumor cells.
B lymphocytes (B cells): B cells make antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that target viruses, bacteria and other foreign invaders.
There is also another type of lymphocyte called natural killer cells. These natural killer cells are able to destroy tumor cells without any prior activation. This is unlike the T cells which need to be activated by another immune cell.
Lymphocytes are able to remember antigens, which are foreign substances that provoke your body’s immune reaction. These include bacteria, viruses, and toxins. After an encounter with an antigen, some lymphocytes develop into memory cells. When these memory lymphocytes meet an antigen for a second time, they respond rapidly and specifically to this antigen. This is why vaccines can prevent certain disorders.
Lymphocytes survey the body’s environment, assessing potential foreign antigens from the common cold to malignancies. They interact with other cells such as phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages, histiocytes and the like) and more specialized cells called dendritic cells.
When are Lymphocytes tested?
Your lymphocyte count can be taken during a normal blood test at your healthcare provider’s office.
Why does my Lymphocytes count vary?
Lymphocyte levels vary depending on your age, race, sex, altitude and lifestyle.
Where are Lymphocytes developed?
Lymphocytes develop in your bone marrow. Then, they mature and move into your bloodstream. Mature lymphocytes are found in your blood and all parts of your lymphatic system. Some lymphocytes travel to your thymus gland. These lymphocytes become T cells. Other lymphocytes travel to your lymph nodes and organs. These lymphocytes become B cells.
What do Lymphocytes look like?
Lymphocytes are bigger than red blood cells, but they’re still microscopic. Each tiny lymphocyte has a large nucleus at its center. The nucleus is dark purple. The surrounding jelly-like fluid (cytoplasm) is purplish.
What is the normal range of Lymphocytes?
About 20% to 40% of your white blood cells are lymphocytes.
In adults: In adults, the normal range of lymphocytes is between 700 and 3,100 lymphocytes in every 1 microliter of blood.
The following table gives approximate ranges for adults, but you’ll want to talk to your doctor about your results. Some factors could determine what’s a normal range for you.
| Marker | Adult normal cell count | Adult normal range (differential) | Low levels | High levels |
| Lymphocytes | 700-3,100 (0.7-3.1) lymphocytes/mcL | 20-40% of total white blood cells | fewer than 700 lymphocytes/mcL | greater than 3,100 lymphocytes/mcL |
How is the absolute Lymphocyte count calculated?
An absolute blood cell count is a part of the results of a blood test. It is when the number of cells is expressed as an absolute number, rather than as a percentage.
The absolute lymphocytes count can be calculated by multiplying the total number of white blood cells against the percentage of white blood cells which are lymphocytes. If the white blood cell count is 8000, and 20% of those white blood cells are lymphocytes, that means the absolute lymphocytes count would be 1600 (8000 x 0.2). This is a normal lymphocytes count.
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What is lymphocytosis?
A high lymphocyte count (= Lymphocytosis) means having a higher-than-normal amount of lymphocytes in your blood.
What are Lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell.
What do Lymphocytes do?
They play an essential role in your immune system, helping your body fight infections.
Why do I have lymphocytosis?
Lymphocytosis often results from your immune system fighting off an infection or other disease. White blood cells called lymphocytes increase with these conditions.
Having a temporarily high lymphocyte count usually means that your body is working as it should to protect you from germs that make you sick. Less often, lymphocytosis is a sign of a more serious condition.
What specifically can cause lymphocytosis?
A spike in your lymphocytes typically means that these white blood cells are springing into action to rid your body of an invader that can make you sick. Sometimes a serious condition, like cancers that affect your blood or lymphatic system, may cause elevated lymphocyte levels.
Many medical conditions can cause lymphocytosis. Here are a few:
Infections:
Lymphocytosis often results from viral infections. Bacteria and parasites can also cause infection, resulting in a high lymphocyte count. Infectious causes of lymphocytosis include:
Cancer:
In some cases, lymphocytosis is one of the first signs of certain blood cancers (leukemia) or cancers of your lymphatic system (lymphoma). Cancers associated with lymphocytosis include:
Other causes:
How common is lymphocytosis?
Lymphocytosis is very common, especially in people who have:
Can lymphocytosis be prevented?
Lymphocytosis is not preventable, but it can be treated by addressing what’s causing your temporary high lymphocyte count.
At what level do we talk about Lymphocytosis?
For adults, a high lymphocyte count means more than 3,100 lymphocytes in 1 microliter of blood.
Who is most at risk for getting lymphocytosis?
Anyone can have lymphocytosis.
What are the symptoms of lymphocytosis?
Lymphocytosis does not cause symptoms. However, you may experience symptoms from what is causing the spike in your white blood cell count. For instance, the lymph nodes in your neck may feel swollen due to an infection, which may be causing lymphocytosis. Depending on the cause, symptoms may range from no symptoms to severe.
Often, people learn of a high lymphocyte count incidentally after taking a blood test to check for other conditions.
How is lymphocytosis diagnosed?
Providers rely on your medical history, current symptoms, medication list, and a physical exam to help determine what is causing lymphocytosis. They may ask questions about your habits and lifestyle to see if you are at high-risk for certain infections, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs). They may perform a blood test to check your lymphocyte count.
If your levels are high, your provider may retest later to see if the spike is temporary. If your levels remain high and your provider is unsure why, they may order additional tests. You may be referred to a blood specialist called a hematologist for a diagnosis.
What tests will be done to diagnose lymphocytosis?
Your provider may order a blood test called a complete blood count (CBC) with a differential. This test shows if you have a higher-than-normal amount of lymphocytes. They may order a flow cytometry test to see if the lymphocytes are clonal (seen in cancers like chronic lymphocytic leukemia). Testing may also include a bone marrow biopsy to help determine the root cause of lymphocytosis.
How is lymphocytosis treated?
Lymphocytosis treatment involves resolving what is causing the high lymphocyte count. If your body is producing white blood cells to fight a germ, you may not need treatment. In time, your immune system can usually take care of the issue. If the spike in white blood cells is a sign of cancer, you can discuss treatment options with your provider.
Receiving treatment for the underlying cause can help restore your lymphocyte levels to normal.
What complications are associated with lymphocytosis?
In some cases, lymphocytosis is one of the first signs of certain blood cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common type of leukemia in adults. Further tests are usually necessary to rule out other medical conditions and make a firm diagnosis of the cause of lymphocytosis.
What is the outcome after treatment of lymphocytosis?
Lymphocytosis usually goes away after treatment for the condition or disease that caused your body to produce extra white blood cells.
Can lymphocytosis be prevented?
Lymphocytosis is not preventable. You can reduce your risk by taking steps to keep from getting sick:
When should I be concerned about high lymphocytes?
Contact your provider if you have a persistent infection or experience chronic (ongoing) symptoms or symptoms that get worse over time. Your doctor can determine if you have lymphocytosis during a complete medical examination.
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What does a low Lymphocyte count mean?
A low lymphocyte count is known as Lymphocytopenia (or lymphopenia) and it occurs when the lymphocyte count in your blood is lower than usual (below the laboratories reference ranges).
Severe and chronic low counts:
Severe or chronic low counts can indicate a possible infection or other illness and should be investigated by your doctor.
Low levels of T cells or too few NK cells can lead to uncontrolled viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. B-cell lymphocytopenia can lead to an increase in harmful and different types of infections.
What causes a low Lymphocyte count?
Lymphocytopenia (or lymphopenia) may be a sign of an underlying illness, condition, or another factor. Causes are usually acquired, which means that you develop rather than inherit them.
Autoimmune disorders:
Autoimmune disorders occur if the immune system is in overdrive and incorrectly attacks the body’s cells and tissues.
These can include: lupus, myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis.
Certain immunosuppressant medications used to treat autoimmune disorders may cause lymphocytopenia.
Cancer and treatments for cancer:
Lymphoma (such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma), Kaposi sarcoma, and leukemia are among the most common cancers that can cause low lymphocyte levels.
The following cancer treatments may also result in lymphocytopenia:
- chemotherapy
- radiation therapy
Diseases that affect the blood and bone marrow:
These conditions can cause low lymphocyte levels:
- aplastic anemia
- lymphoproliferative disorders
Infections:
Viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal infections are common causes of lymphocytopenia. Any type of infection may cause your lymphocyte count to fall. For example:
- HIV
- histoplasmosis
- influenza
- malaria
- viral hepatitis
- tuberculosis
- typhoid fever
Sepsis:
Lymphocytopenia may be a sign of sepsis or acute bacteremia.
Inherited causes:
Inherited or congenital causes of lymphocytopenia are rare. Some of these are:
- ataxia-telangiectasia
- DiGeorge syndrome
- severe combined immunodeficiency
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Nutritional causes:
Malnutrition or undernutrition is a common global cause of lymphocytopenia. This occurs when the body lacks protein and other nutrients necessary to produce lymphocytes.
An eating disorder, such as anorexia nervosa, may lead to reduced-production lymphocytopenia.
Gastrointestinal conditions:
Conditions that damage the gut wall can affect the body’s absorption of nutrients and may lead to lymphocytopenia in some cases. These are generally referred to as protein-losing enteropathy and include:
- amyloidosis
- celiac disease
- inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis
- regional enteritis
- zinc deficiency
Specific medications:
In addition to cancer treatments, several drugs can reduce lymphocytes. Medication-induced lymphocytopenia ranges from minor to severe.
The following medications may lower your lymphocyte level:
- Azathioprine (Imuran, Azasan)
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Epitol)
- Cimetidine (Tagamet)
- Corticosteroids
- Dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera)
- Imidazoles
- Interferons
- Methotrexate (Trexall, Rasuvo)
- Opioids
- Certain bisphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis
Kidney disease:
Kidney disease, particularly late stage chronic disease, can reduce the number of T cells in the blood, but lymphocytopenia can also occur in acute kidney injury.
Trauma and surgery:
Trauma from an injury or acute emergency such as cardiac failure can lower lymphocyte counts. Undergoing surgeries such as cardiac bypass can also cause lymphocytopenia.
Other causes:
Other causes of lymphocytopenia include stress and alcohol misuse.
Additionally, there is a rare condition known as idiopathic CD4-positive lymphocytopenia, in which the cause is unknown.
What are potential treatment options?
Treatment depends on the cause and treating the underlying factor usually resolves lymphocytopenia. You may also require therapy to prevent infections or other complications due to a compromised immune system.
If a medication is causing low counts, your doctor may stop or change the medication. Drug-related lymphocytopenia usually clears up after a person stops taking the drug.
Prevention:
You may not be able to fully prevent lymphocytopenia, but you can help boost your immune system and protect yourself against infections. Follow a healthy diet plan, get plenty of rest, and avoid germs as your body recovers its lymphocyte levels.
- Eat a nutrient-rich diet to feel better and more energized. Your doctor or nutritionist can help you choose whole foods that are right for you and are packed with protein and healing minerals and vitamins.
- Wash your hands thoroughly with warm, soapy water several times a day to help prevent illness. Use a hand sanitizer if you’re out and avoid crowded areas.
- Stay away from animals or ask someone else to clean up after pets.
- Be very careful or avoid activities that may cause cuts, scrapes, or even nicks on your skin.
- Ask friends and family members to delay visiting you if they’re not feeling well.
Additional notes:
Lymphocytopenia is a common diagnosis from a complete blood count test. Some people may have values slightly less than the usual range without any reason. Low counts are also common in older adults with no concerning symptoms.
This condition may reflect illness, recent surgery, or drug therapy and is usually reversible. Your doctor will look over your current and previous medical history to see if the lymphocytopenia is a new condition. Most cases resolve spontaneously without medical care.
If you receive a diagnosis of acute lymphocytopenia, your doctor will carefully monitor your levels with follow-up blood tests. You may need further tests and treatment to address the main cause. This may involve specialist referrals, blood tests, imaging, or a bone marrow biopsy.
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