Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme that plays a vital role in the breakdown of adenosine, a building block of DNA and RNA. This enzyme is essential for the proper development and function of the immune system, especially for T lymphocytes (T cells), which are white blood cells that help the body fight infections and diseases. Without sufficient ADA activity, toxic byproducts can accumulate and disrupt immune function.

Adenovirus serotypes 40 and 41 cause acute gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines) primarily in children.

Adenoviruses are non-enveloped DNA viruses.

Adenovirus is a cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants, young children, the elderly and immuno-compromised patients. The Adenovirus serotypes most frequently associated with gastroenteritis are Adenovirus 40 and 41.

Adenovirus gastroenteritis generally causes watery diarrhea lasting one to two weeks.

ADH stands for antidiuretic hormone also known as vasopressin. ADH primarily acts in the kidney to resorb water. Vasopressin can also be administered to raise blood pressure.

Adipate, together with Suberate and Ethylmalonate are all functional markers for deficiency of carnitine.

Carnitine is needed to move fatty acids into the mitochondria where they are converted to energy using vitamin B2.

If carnitine is sufficient long-chain fatty acids go through beta-oxidation in the mitochondria.

When insufficient levels of carnitine or vitamin B2 slow down this process, other parts of the cellular machinery take over and make adipate and suberate.

A similar block in another pathway causes high ethylmalonate. Since most of our bodies’ energy is produced from the burning of fatty acids, our muscles and brain suffer when this cellular energy pathway is blocked. Anything that interferes with the normal fatty acid oxidation may reveal high levels of these metabolites.

Adipate, together with Suberate and Ethylmalonate are all functional markers for deficiency of carnitine.

Adipate, together with Suberate and Ethylmalonate are all functional markers for deficiency of carnitine.

Carnitine is needed to move fatty acids into the mitochondria where they are converted to energy using vitamin B2.

If carnitine is sufficient long-chain fatty acids go through beta-oxidation in the mitochondria.

When insufficient levels of carnitine or vitamin B2 slow down this process, other parts of the cellular machinery take over and make adipate and suberate.

A similar block in another pathway causes high ethylmalonate. Since most of our bodies’ energy is produced from the burning of fatty acids, our muscles and brain suffer when this cellular energy pathway is blocked. Anything that interferes with the normal fatty acid oxidation may reveal high levels of these metabolites.

Adipic Acid, together with Suberate and Ethylmalonate are all functional markers for deficiency of carnitine.

Dietary fatty acids are metabolized into fuel sources using beta-oxidation. Fatty acid conversion into Acetyl-CoA requires transport across the mitochondrial membrane via the carnitine shuttle. When beta-oxidation is impaired, fats are metabolized using an alternate pathway called omega-oxidation. Omega-oxidation results in elevated levels of dicarboxylic acids such as adipic acid and suberic acid. Impaired beta-oxidation occurs in carnitine deficiency or enzymatic dysfunction due to lack of nutrient cofactors. Vitamin B2 and magnesium play a role in optimizing beta-oxidation.

Adipic Acid, together with Suberate and Ethylmalonate are all functional markers for deficiency of carnitine.

Adipic Acid, together with Suberate and Ethylmalonate are all functional markers for deficiency of carnitine.

Dietary fatty acids are metabolized into fuel sources using beta-oxidation. Fatty acid conversion into Acetyl-CoA requires transport across the mitochondrial membrane via the carnitine shuttle. When beta-oxidation is impaired, fats are metabolized using an alternate pathway called omega-oxidation. Omega-oxidation results in elevated levels of dicarboxylic acids such as adipic acid and suberic acid. Impaired beta-oxidation occurs in carnitine deficiency or enzymatic dysfunction due to lack of nutrient cofactors. Vitamin B2 and magnesium play a role in optimizing beta-oxidation.

Dietary fatty acids are metabolized into fuel sources using beta-oxidation. Fatty acid conversion into Acetyl-CoA requires transport across the mitochondrial membrane via the carnitine shuttle. When beta-oxidation is impaired, fats are metabolized using an alternate pathway called omega-oxidation. Omega-oxidation results in elevated levels of dicarboxylic acids such as adipic acid and suberic acid. Impaired beta-oxidation occurs in carnitine deficiency or enzymatic dysfunction due to lack of nutrient cofactors. Vitamin B2 and magnesium play a role in optimizing beta-oxidation.

Adipic Acid, together with Suberate and Ethylmalonate are all functional markers for deficiency of carnitine.

Adipic Acid, together with Suberate and Ethylmalonate are all functional markers for deficiency of carnitine.

Adipic acid is an organic compound commonly found in a variety of foods, especially those containing artificial flavors and additives. It is a significant component in the production of nylon and other synthetic fibers but is also present in small amounts in our bodies as a byproduct of fatty acid metabolism. In a nutritional context, the measurement of adipic acid levels can provide valuable insights into an individual's metabolic health. Elevated levels of adipic acid in the body may indicate issues related to the breakdown of fats, which could be influenced by dietary habits, metabolic disorders, or the overconsumption of processed foods. Monitoring adipic acid can help in identifying imbalances in fatty acid metabolism, guiding dietary adjustments, and potentially improving overall metabolic function. This marker is particularly useful for assessing how well the body is managing the breakdown and utilization of fats, which is crucial for maintaining energy balance and preventing the accumulation of harmful substances in the bloodstream. Understanding adipic acid levels can thus play a critical role in optimizing nutritional health and preventing metabolic complications.

Adipic Acid, together with Suberate and Ethylmalonate are all functional markers for deficiency of carnitine.

The adiponectin blood test determines the levels of adiponectin in blood. It is used to diagnose metabolic disorders such as Type 2 diabetes. Adiponectin is a hormone that is released from fat cells and will help to control the inflammation of tissue. The hormone will also boost insulin sensitivity and increases the breakdown of fatty acid in the liver. This process will, in turn, decrease the manufacturing of glucose by the liver. A low result might suggest Type 2 diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome.