Urinary tin (Sn) provides an indication of recent or ongoing exposure to the metal, and endogenous detoxification to a lesser extent. Sn has no known physiological function in the body. Inorganic Sn has a low potential for toxicity, while organic Sn may have appreciable toxic effects.

Metallic Sn and inorganic Sn compounds are normally found in small amounts in soil, food and air. Exposure to Sn compounds may be much higher in close proximity to hazardous waste sites. Inorganic Sn is poorly absorbed from the gut. The main source of Sn is food. Canned tomatoes, tomato products, pineapple, pears and similar fruits contain the highest concentrations of Sn. The Sn concentrations of food increase with storage in opened cans.

Sources of exposure:

Toothpastes, perfumes, soaps, food additives and dyes, plastics, food packages, plastic pipes, pesticides, paints, and pest repellents; air, water, and soil near places where naturally present in rocks.

Health Effects:

Stomach ache, anemia, liver and kidney problems, reproduction, skin and eye irritation, affects brain and nervous system

Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is an enzyme involved in tissue repair and gut integrity. Elevated antibodies to tTG reflect an immune reaction commonly associated with gluten exposure, intestinal permeability, and celiac-related immune activation. This marker helps assess gluten-driven gut inflammation and immune stress.

Normal or low tissue transglutaminase antibody levels suggest appropriate immune tolerance to gluten and intact gut barrier function. In this context, gluten-driven immune activation is unlikely to be a primary contributor to symptoms.

A tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgA and/or IgG test is used as part of an evaluation for certain autoimmune conditions, most notably celiac disease.

An autoimmune disease can occur when the body’s immune system mistakenly perceives a nonthreatening substance. In the case of people with celiac disease, gluten (a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and oats) is seen as a foreign invader and is attacked by the immune system. This immune system response in celiac disease also involves the production of antibodies directed against an enzyme normally present in the intestines called tissue transglutaminase (tTG).

Tissue transglutaminase has been identified as the major autoantigen in celiac disease. IgA antibodies against tTG are highly disease specific serological markers for celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis. tTG IgG antibodies are less specific for these diseases but are helpful markers in patients with IgA deficiency.

A negative tTG IgG test alone does not rule out gluten-sensitive enteropathy. 

Celiac disease is a life-long condition in which ingestion of gluten, the water insoluble wheat-gliadin and the prolamins in rye and barley, leads to chronic inflammation and damage of the small intestinal mucosa. Also useful in monitoring adherence to gluten-free diet in patients with IgA deficiency.

Interpretation:

TTGA and TTGG both >10 U/mL: Suggestive of Celiac disease

TTG-IgG may be used to follow patients with Celiac disease who are IgA deficient. However, TTG-IgG alone is not sufficient to diagnose Celiac Disease.

Titanium (Ti) is measured in hair to assist in the identification of external contamination of hair by treatments and products. Shampoos, dyes, and “highlighting” are the primary sources of Ti, which binds tenaciously to hair. Ti dioxide is the most common form of Ti used as a whitening agent (toothpaste, conditioners, shampoos, etc.).

Titanium in the urine can be indicative of exposure to the metal, which is found in a variety of consumer products, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and in the workplace environment. However, it's important to note that the presence of titanium in urine doesn't necessarily indicate a health risk. Titanium is generally considered to be of low toxicity to humans, but elevated levels could suggest excessive exposure, which might warrant further investigation to understand the source and potential health implications. Medical evaluation and additional tests would be necessary to assess the significance of titanium levels in urine and to determine if there is any health risk associated with the exposure.

TMA (Trimethylamine) and TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide) are key biomarkers in understanding the connection between diet, gut microbiota and heart health.

TMA is a small molecule produced by the gut microbiota when we digest certain dietary components like choline, lecithin and L-carnitine which are found in red meat, eggs and dairy.

Once TMA is formed in the gut it’s absorbed into the blood and transported to the liver where it’s converted to TMAO by the enzyme flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3).

High levels of TMAO have been linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) like atherosclerosis, heart attacks and strokes. TMAO is thought to contribute to atherosclerosis by promoting cholesterol deposition in the artery walls and inhibiting reverse cholesterol transport. TMAO can also influence platelet function and increase the risk of thrombosis. Research has shown TMA and TMAO can be used as biomarkers of dietary intake and microbiota activity, linking specific dietary patterns to CVD risk. So measuring TMA and TMAO in the blood can be a useful tool in clinical settings to predict and manage CVD risk. Reducing TMAO production through dietary changes such as reducing TMA precursors or altering gut microbiota through probiotics or other interventions has been suggested as a way to mitigate CVD risk associated with high TMAO levels.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a small organic compound that has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its association with cardiovascular health and disease. TMAO is derived from the oxidation of trimethylamine (TMA), which is produced by gut microbiota during the digestion of certain dietary nutrients, particularly choline, lecithin, and L-carnitine. These nutrients are predominantly found in red meat, eggs, dairy products, and some fish. Once TMA is absorbed into the bloodstream, it travels to the liver, where it is converted into TMAO by the enzyme flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3).

TMAO (trimethylamine-N-oxide) is a metabolite derived from gut bacteria. This test can powerfully predict future risk for heart attack, stroke, and death in people who appear otherwise healthy.

TMAO is a compound produced by the liver after intestinal bacteria digest certain nutrients: L-carnitine (found in red meat) and lecithin (found in egg yolks, meats and full-fat dairy products). Lecithin is also pumped into the intestines as a component of bile, so all individuals, regardless of diet, feed their gut microbes lecithin and have potential for elevated levels of TMAO.

TNF-alpha is an important protein in your immune system that plays a big role in inflammation and overall health. It's part of a CYTOKINES Panel and helps your body respond to injuries, infections, and other issues.

TNF-alpha is made by immune cells like macrophages and T-cells when your body is fighting something, such as an infection or inflammation. It helps:

• Control inflammation.
• Remove damaged cells through a process called apoptosis (cell death).
• Regulate fat metabolism.

What Is TNF-beta (Lymphotoxin-alpha)?

TNF-beta, also called lymphotoxin-alpha, is a protein in the TNF superfamily that plays an important role in your immune system. It is primarily produced by activated T and B lymphocytes (types of white blood cells) and helps regulate inflammation, immune responses, and tumor immunity.

Aquaporins from food sources show similarity to human aquaporin, and thus they have high potential for triggering autoimmunity to nervous system tissues.