Succinate (or succinic acid) is an important metabolite that is involved in several chemical processes in the body. Succinic acid is a key intermediate of both the Kreb’s cycle and the electron transport chain that generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the currency for most of the body’s energy transactions.

Succinate is produced from bacterial degradation of unabsorbed glutamine and is a metabolite of alpha-ketogluturate, as well as methionine, valine & leucine; precursor of fumaric acid; also formed from bacterial action on glutamine.

Succinate (or succinic acid) is an important metabolite that is involved in several chemical processes in the body.

Succinate (or succinic acid) is an important metabolite that is involved in several chemical processes in the body.

Succinate (or succinic acid) is an important metabolite that is involved in several chemical processes in the body.

Succinate (or succinic acid) is an important metabolite that is involved in several chemical processes in the body.

Succinate (or succinic acid) is an important metabolite that is involved in several chemical processes in the body.

Succinate (or succinic acid) is an important metabolite that is involved in several chemical processes in the body.

Succinate (or succinic acid) is an important metabolite that is involved in several chemical processes in the body.

Succinyl CoA becomes succinic acid using succinyl CoA synthetase. This reaction produces NADH which directly provides electrons for the electron transport chain or respiratory chain. Succinic acid requires the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase to become fumarate. This enzyme is ironbased and requires vitamin B2 to support flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a redox coenzyme. Succinate dehydrogenase plays a critical role in mitochondrial metabolism. Impairment of this enzyme’s activity has been linked to a variety of diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

Succinate (or succinic acid) is an important metabolite that is involved in several chemical processes in the body.

Succinate (or succinic acid) is an important metabolite that is involved in several chemical processes in the body.

Succinyl CoA becomes succinic acid using succinyl CoA synthetase. This reaction produces NADH which directly provides electrons for the electron transport chain or respiratory chain. Succinic acid requires the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase to become fumarate. This enzyme is ironbased and requires vitamin B2 to support flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a redox coenzyme. Succinate dehydrogenase plays a critical role in mitochondrial metabolism. Impairment of this enzyme’s activity has been linked to a variety of diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

Succinyl CoA becomes succinic acid using succinyl CoA synthetase. This reaction produces NADH which directly provides electrons for the electron transport chain or respiratory chain. Succinic acid requires the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase to become fumarate. This enzyme is ironbased and requires vitamin B2 to support flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a redox coenzyme. Succinate dehydrogenase plays a critical role in mitochondrial metabolism. Impairment of this enzyme’s activity has been linked to a variety of diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

Succinyl CoA becomes succinic acid using succinyl CoA synthetase. This reaction produces NADH which directly provides electrons for the electron transport chain or respiratory chain. Succinic acid requires the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase to become fumarate. This enzyme is ironbased and requires vitamin B2 to support flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a redox coenzyme. Succinate dehydrogenase plays a critical role in mitochondrial metabolism. Impairment of this enzyme’s activity has been linked to a variety of diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

Succinylacetone (SA) is used for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with tyrosinemia type I (Tyr I). Succinylacetone is exclusively elevated in blood and urine of patients with tyrosinemia type I . As urinary Succinylacetone concentration is much higher than blood, Succinylacetone is usually tested in urine samples.

Sulfate is associated with your body’s use of glutathione, an amino acid critical for removing toxins that is also a powerful antioxidant.

Sulfocysteine is the product of sulfite-dependent cleavage of cystine. In the pathway, cysteine becomes sulfite, which converts to sulfate via sulfite oxidase + Mo. If the pathway is blocked, sulfocysteine builds up.

Sulfocysteine is the product of sulfite-dependent cleavage of cystine. In the pathway, cysteine becomes sulfite, which converts to sulfate via sulfite oxidase + Mo. If the pathway is blocked, sulfocysteine builds up.

Sulfur, an essential mineral, plays a pivotal role in various metabolic processes, including the synthesis of amino acids like methionine and cysteine, and in the production of glutathione, a critical antioxidant that protects cells from damage caused by free radicals and heavy metals. Elevated levels of sulfur in urine can indicate a high intake of sulfur-rich foods, such as cruciferous vegetables, garlic, and onions, or supplements containing sulfur amino acids. Conversely, low sulfur levels may suggest dietary deficiencies or impaired sulfur metabolism, potentially linked to conditions like reduced glutathione synthesis, impaired detoxification pathways, and metabolic dysregulation. Additionally, sulfur is involved in the methylation process, a critical biochemical pathway essential for DNA synthesis and repair, neurotransmitter production, and the regulation of gene expression.