Melatonin is not technically an adrenal or sex hormone however it is highly involved in the entire endocrine system. It is made in small amounts in the pineal gland in response to darkness and stimulated by Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH). 

Melatonin is not technically an adrenal or sex hormone however it is highly involved in the entire endocrine system. It is made in small amounts in the pineal gland in response to darkness and stimulated by Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH). 

Melatonin is not technically an adrenal or sex hormone however it is highly involved in the entire endocrine system. It is made in small amounts in the pineal gland in response to darkness and stimulated by Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH). 

The novel antibodies salivary gland protein 1 (SP-1), carbonic anhydrase 6 (CA VI) and parotid secretory protein (PSP) have shown to be present in animal models for Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and patients with the disease. The antibodies SP-1, CA VI and PSP occurred earlier in the course of the disease than antibodies to Ro or La.

The novel antibodies salivary gland protein 1 (SP-1), carbonic anhydrase 6 (CA VI) and parotid secretory protein (PSP) have shown to be present in animal models for Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and patients with the disease. The antibodies SP-1, CA VI and PSP occurred earlier in the course of the disease than antibodies to Ro or La.

The novel antibodies salivary gland protein 1 (SP-1), carbonic anhydrase 6 (CA VI) and parotid secretory protein (PSP) have shown to be present in animal models for Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and patients with the disease. The antibodies SP-1, CA VI and PSP occurred earlier in the course of the disease than antibodies to Ro or La.

Epidemiology

- Fecal contamination of ingested foods (eggs, poultry, meat, unpasteurized milk, raw fruits, and vegetables)

- Exposure to pets (reptiles, amphibians, baby chicks)

Clinical Implications

- May be asymptomatic

- Symptoms include fever, vomiting, and severe diarrhea

- Typically self limiting within seven days

- GI infection can cause reactive arthritis and may be involved in ankylosing spondylitis

- Systemic infections may require treatment with antibiotics

Salmonella are facultative anaerobic bacteria in the family of Enterobacteriaceae. There are two species of Salmonella, Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori that include over 2,600 different serotypes. The majority of the pathogenic serotypes of Salmonella that affect humans are within the species of Salmonella enterica (S. enterica). Worldwide, Salmonella spp. causes an estimated 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis each year.

The SAM/SAH ratio is commonly referred to as the “Methylation Index” in the literature and has well- documented clinical associations.

Global methylation is dependent on two key factors: adequate SAM supply and SAH removal.

The SAM/SAH ratio has been proposed to indicate the likelihood of hyper- or hypo-methylation. 

Overall, the SAM/SAH ratio is under tight homeostatic control. SAM levels remain fairly stable due to denovo synthesis and feedback mechanisms. Given this, alterations in the methylation index are more likely a result of SAH fluctuations.

The SAM/SAH Ratio is one of the most powerful functional indicators of methylation efficiency in the human body. It represents the balance between S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM)—the body’s primary methyl donor—and S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH)—a byproduct that accumulates when methylation reactions slow down.

On the Neurotransmitter XL panel, this ratio provides deep insight into the methylation cycle’s performance, influencing neurotransmitter metabolism, detoxification, DNA regulation, hormone balance, and energy production. A high SAM/SAH ratio reflects robust methylation activity, whereas a low ratio signals methylation inefficiency, often tied to nutrient deficiency, oxidative stress, or metabolic slowdown.

This marker functions as a metabolic checkpoint—showing whether the body is efficiently transferring methyl groups (-CH3) to sustain biochemical reactions essential for mental health, energy, and cellular repair.

Sapovirus I, detected in a gut test, is a significant indicator of gastrointestinal health, particularly in the context of viral infections. Sapovirus, a member of the Caliciviridae family, is known for causing acute gastroenteritis, primarily in children and infants, but it can also affect adults. These viruses are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often due to contaminated food or water, or close contact with infected individuals. The presence of Sapovirus I in a gut test indicates a recent or ongoing infection, which can be responsible for symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and sometimes fever and dehydration.