Osmolality (U), also known as urine osmolality, measures the concentration of dissolved particles, such as electrolytes, urea, and glucose, in urine. It provides insight into how well the kidneys are functioning and maintaining the body's fluid balance. By measuring urine osmolality, doctors can evaluate how the kidneys are responding to different conditions, such as dehydration or excessive fluid intake. This test is usually done by analyzing a urine sample, which helps determine the concentration of particles and offers important information about kidney health and the body's ability to regulate water and electrolytes.

What Is Osteocalcin?

Osteocalcin is a protein hormone produced almost exclusively by osteoblasts, the specialized bone-forming cells. It plays a critical role in bone formation, mineralization, and calcium regulation. Osteocalcin is considered one of the most specific markers of bone-building activity and is often used to assess bone metabolism and bone turnover.

After being synthesized by osteoblasts, osteocalcin becomes incorporated into the bone matrix or is released into the bloodstream. Measuring serum osteocalcin helps evaluate the rate at which new bone is being formed — making it a valuable marker in diagnosing and monitoring osteoporosis, metabolic bone diseases, and certain hormonal disorders.

Function:

A star-shaped cell, an osteocyte is an abundant cell found in compact bone. Cytoplasmic extensions, which occupy canals called canaliculi, network osteocytes. Canaliculi are used by osteocytes for the exchange of nutrients and waste through gap junctions. Osteocytes are actively involved in the routine turnover of bony matrix, through various mechanisms. Through a mechanism called osteocytic osteolysis, osteocytes can destroy bone.

Antibodies Appear:

Osteoclastogenesis [4]

Osteopenia [3]

Osteoporosis [3]

Known Cross-Reactions:

Phosphatase I, [1] gliadin [5]

Clinical Significance:

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH:
This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease

Autoimmune Endocrine Disorders
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1
Hypogonadism
Premature Menopause
Premature Ovarian Failure

BODY TISSUE:

Reproductive

Oxalic acid is the metabolic end-product of the glyoxylase pathway and is derived from the oxidation of glyoxylate.

In the cell, the majority of glyoxylate is converted into glycine or glycolic acid. However, in some instances there may be greater oxidation of glyoxylate to oxalic acid. This leads to increased urinary excretion of oxalic acid.

As 80% of kidney stones are calcium-oxalate stones, an increase in oxalic acid is strongly correlated to frequency of urolithiasis.

What is Oxalate?
Oxalate (or oxalic acid) is a naturally occurring substance found in many foods and also produced as a waste product in the body. It is not essential for human health and is typically excreted in the urine. In the bloodstream, oxalate levels are usually very low under normal circumstances.

What Does the Oxalate, Serum/Plasma Test Measure?

The Oxalate, Serum/Plasma test measures the concentration of oxalate circulating in your blood. This test is primarily used to:

• Evaluate primary or secondary hyperoxaluria (a condition of excessive oxalate production or absorption)

• Assess risk for calcium oxalate kidney stones

• Monitor kidney function in patients with known oxalate-related disorders

• Help diagnose oxalate nephropathy, a rare but serious kidney condition

Oxalic acid may be associated with dysbiosis from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, or high dose vitamin C. If yeast or fungal markers are elevated, antifungal therapy may reduces oxalates. Also associated with anti-freeze (ethylene glycol) poisoning.

Oxalic acid may be associated with dysbiosis from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, or high dose vitamin C. If yeast or fungal markers are elevated, antifungal therapy may reduces oxalates. Also associated with anti-freeze (ethylene glycol) poisoning.

Oxalic acid may be associated with dysbiosis from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, or high dose vitamin C. If yeast or fungal markers are elevated, antifungal therapy may reduces oxalates. Also associated with anti-freeze (ethylene glycol) poisoning.

Oxalic acid may be associated with dysbiosis from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, or high dose vitamin C. If yeast or fungal markers are elevated, antifungal therapy may reduces oxalates. Also associated with anti-freeze (ethylene glycol) poisoning.

Oxalic acid is the metabolic end-product of the glyoxylase pathway and is derived from the oxidation of glyoxylate. In the cell, the majority of glyoxylate is converted into glycine or glycolic acid. However, in some instances there may be greater oxidation of glyoxylate to oxalic acid. This leads to increased urinary excretion of oxalic acid. As 80% of kidney stones are calcium-oxalate stones, an increase in oxalic acid is strongly correlated to frequency of urolithiasis. As mentioned previously, there are inborn errors of metabolism that cause elevated oxalic acid such as primary hyperoxaluria.

Oxalic acid is the metabolic end-product of the glyoxylase pathway and is derived from the oxidation of glyoxylate.

In the cell, the majority of glyoxylate is converted into glycine or glycolic acid. However, in some instances there may be greater oxidation of glyoxylate to oxalic acid. This leads to increased urinary excretion of oxalic acid.

As 80% of kidney stones are calcium-oxalate stones, an increase in oxalic acid is strongly correlated to frequency of urolithiasis.

Oxalic acid may be associated with dysbiosis from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, or high dose vitamin C. If yeast or fungal markers are elevated, antifungal therapy may reduces oxalates. Also associated with anti-freeze (ethylene glycol) poisoning.