Anti-HBc IgM increases rapidly, peaks during the acute infection stage of HBV infection, and then falls to a relatively low level as the patient recovers or becomes a chronic carrier. Anti-HBc IgM is useful in the diagnosis of acute HBV infection even when HBsAg concentrations are below the sensitivity of the diagnostic assay. The presence of anti-HBc IgM and anti-HBc IgG is characteristic of acute infection, while the presence of anti-HBc IgG without anti-HBc IgM is characteristic of chronic or recovered stages of HBV infection. The use of other viral markers such as HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc total to differentiate acute from chronic hepatitis B is inconclusive because most of these markers are alsoseen in chronic infection.

Hep B Core Ab, Tot [aka Total antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc)] appears at the onset of symptoms in acute hepatitis B, is a measure of both IgM and IgG, and persists for life. The presence of total anti-HBc indicates previous or ongoing infection with hepatitis B virus in an undefined time frame. People who have immunity to hepatitis B from a vaccine do not develop anti-HBc.

Hep B Surface Ab, Qual refers to the qualitative test for Hepatitis B Surface Antibody (HBsAb). This test determines the presence or absence of antibodies against the Hepatitis B virus on the surface of the hepatocytes. A positive result suggests that the individual has developed immunity to the Hepatitis B virus, either through prior infection or successful vaccination.

A blood test, called an HCV antibody test, is used to find out if someone has ever been infected with the hepatitis C virus. The HCV antibody test, sometimes called the anti-HCV test, looks for antibodies to the hepatitis C virus in blood. Antibodies are chemicals released into the bloodstream when someone gets infected. Test results can take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks to come back.

Most people who get infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) develop a chronic, or lifelong, infection. Left untreated, chronic hepatitis C can cause serious health problems, including liver damage, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and even death. People can live without symptoms or feeling sick, so testing is the only way to know if you have hepatitis C. Getting tested is important to find out if you are infected so you can get lifesaving treatment that can cure hepatitis C.

Hepatitis A is a viral infection of the liver. This tests for the presence of hepatitis A antibodies. Elevated levels reflect immunity either through previous vaccination or exposure to the illness.

Measures both IgG and IgM forms of the antibody, but does not differentiate between these two forms. Hepatitis A antibody of IgG type is indicative of old infection and is found in almost 50% of adults.

Presence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) is used to determine immune status to HBV or disease progression in individuals infected with HBV. Anti-HBs levels can be measured to determine if vaccination is needed, or following a vaccination regimen, to determine if protective immunity has been achieved.

- Anti-HBs usually can be detected several weeks to several months after HBsAg is no longer found, and it may persist for many years or for life after acute infection has been resolved.

- It may disappear in some patients, with only antibody to core remaining.

- People with this antibody are not overtly infectious.

- Presence of the antibody without the presence of the antigen is evidence for immunity from reinfection, with virus of the same subtype.

The hepatitis B surface antibody test (HBsAb), looks for antibodies that your immune system makes in response to the surface protein of the hepatitis B virus. 

The presence of anti-HBs is generally interpreted as indicating recovery and immunity from hepatitis B virus infection.

Anti-HBs also develops in a person who has been successfully vaccinated against hepatitis B. Among vaccine responders who completed a vaccine series, anti-HBs levels can decline over time, however the majority are still immune and will mount a response when exposed to HBV.

< 10 mIU/mL is considered nonreactive for antibodies agains Hepatitis B surface antigen.

>= 10 mIU/mL is considered reactive for antibodies against Heptitis B surface antigen

The hepatitis B surface antibody test (HBsAb), looks for antibodies that your immune system makes in response to the surface protein of the hepatitis B virus. 

This assay can be used in conjunction with other serological and clinical information to diagnose individuals with acute or chronic hepatitis B infection. This assay may also be used to screen for hepatitis B infection in pregnant women to identify neonates who are at risk of acquiring hepatitis B during the perinatal period.

A blood test, called an HCV antibody test, is used to find out if someone has ever been infected with the hepatitis C virus. The HCV antibody test, sometimes called the anti-HCV test, looks for antibodies to the hepatitis C virus in blood. Antibodies are chemicals released into the bloodstream when someone gets infected. Test results can take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks to come back.

Most people who get infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) develop a chronic, or lifelong, infection. Left untreated, chronic hepatitis C can cause serious health problems, including liver damage, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and even death. People can live without symptoms or feeling sick, so testing is the only way to know if you have hepatitis C. Getting tested is important to find out if you are infected so you can get lifesaving treatment that can cure hepatitis C.

Heptacarboxyporphyrin is a Porphyrin.

Porphyrins are precursors of heme and usually only occur in urine in negligible amounts.

Heptacarboxyporphyrin is a Porphyrin.

Porphyrins are precursors of heme and usually only occur in urine in negligible amounts.

Heptadecanoic Acid is an odd chain fatty acid.

Fatty acids with odd numbers of carbon atoms are produced primarily by initiating the synthetic series with the three carbon compound, propionic acid.

Heptadecanoic Acid is an odd chain fatty acid.

Fatty acids with odd numbers of carbon atoms are produced primarily by initiating the synthetic series with the three carbon compound, propionic acid.

The marker "Herpes Simplex 1 Ab, IgG" on a sexually transmitted disease (STD) test panel refers to the detection of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies specific to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) in an individual's blood. HSV-1 is primarily known for causing oral herpes, which manifests as cold sores or fever blisters, but it can also cause genital herpes. The presence of IgG antibodies is indicative of a past or current HSV-1 infection, as these antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to the virus and remain in the body for life, providing long-term immunity.

The IgG antibodies for HSV-1 typically develop within a few weeks to months after initial exposure to the virus and are detectable through serological testing. These antibodies play a critical role in controlling and containing herpes outbreaks but do not eradicate the virus. The virus resides latently in the nerve cells and can reactivate, leading to recurrent infections. Unlike IgM antibodies, which are produced first and indicate recent infection, IgG antibodies suggest a longer-term or past infection.

The marker "Herpes Simplex 2 Ab, IgG" on a sexually transmitted disease (STD) test panel is indicative of a serological test for detecting Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies specific to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-2 is predominantly associated with genital herpes, a viral infection characterized by periodic outbreaks of painful sores or blisters in the genital area. The presence of IgG antibodies against HSV-2 generally signifies past exposure to the virus, either through symptomatic infections or asymptomatic viral shedding. Unlike IgM antibodies, which appear soon after infection and then wane, IgG antibodies develop within weeks to months post-exposure and persist for life, offering long-term immune response.

This assay utilizes recombinant type-specific antigens to differentiate HSV-1 from HSV-2 infections. A index positive result cannot distinguish between recent and past infection. If recent HSV infection is suspected but the results are negative or equivocal, the assay should be repeated in 4-6 weeks. The performance index characteristics of the assay have not been established for pediatric populations, immunocompromised patients, or neonatal screening.

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (IgG), Type-Specific Antibodies - Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is responsible for several clinically significant human viral diseases, with severity ranging from inapparent to fatal. Clinical manifestations include genital tract infections, neonatal herpes, meningoencephalitis, keratoconjunctivitis, and gingivostomatitis. There are two HSV serotypes that are closely related antigenically. HSV Type 2 is more commonly associated with genital tract and neonatal infections, while HSV Type 1 is more commonly associated with infections of non-genital sites. Specific typing is not usually required for diagnosis or treatment.