3-HPMA is a metabolite of acrolein. Acrolein is commonly used as an herbicide to control weeds and algae in irrigation canals. Humans are exposed to acrolein via oral (fried foods, alcoholic beverages, and water), respiratory (cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust), and dermal routes. On the cellular level, acrolein exposure has diverse toxic effects, including DNA and protein adduction, oxidative stress, mitochondrial disruption, membrane damage, and immune dysfunction.
3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (3-HPMA)
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