Histone antibodies are autoantibodies. These are antibodies produced by a person’s own immune system that target his or her own histones. Histones are proteins that are a part of chromatin, the genetic material present in the nucleus of almost all cells within the body. Because histones are found inside cells, this attack on “self” can cause symptoms throughout the body. This test detects the presence of histone antibodies in the blood.

Anti-HMGCR antibodies, also known as Anti-3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase antibodies, are a specific type of autoantibody targeting the HMGCR enzyme, a key component in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. These antibodies have gained significant attention in the field of rheumatology and autoimmunity, particularly in their association with statin-associated autoimmune myopathy, a condition characterized by progressive muscle weakness and elevated serum creatine kinase levels. Patients who develop this condition, often in the context of statin therapy, produce Anti-HMGCR antibodies that are believed to mediate an autoimmune response against muscle fibers.

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a member of the herpesvirus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans. HSV-1 (which produces most cold sores) is ubiquitous and contagious. As a neurotropic and neuroinvasive virus, HSV-1 persists in the body by becoming latent and hiding from the immune system in the cell bodies of neurons. HSV-1 has been reported to have a pathogenesis role in Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) and seropositivity to HSV-1 antibodies has been correlated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease.

The anti-Hu antibody is the most frequent manifestation of sensory neuropathy with frequent autonomic involvement. The clinical patterns of the neuropathies is in keeping with accordance with the cellular distribution of the HuD antigen.

→ Antibodies to Hu, Ri and Yo antigens are present in patients with paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome such as encephalomyelitis.

→ Hu antibodies are frequently associated with small cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma.

→ Hu antibodies are rarely associated with non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer or seminoma.

The anti-Hu antibody is the most frequent manifestation of sensory neuropathy with frequent autonomic involvement. The clinical patterns of the neuropathies is in keeping with accordance with the cellular distribution of the HuD antigen.

→ Antibodies to Hu, Ri and Yo antigens are present in patients with paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome such as encephalomyelitis.

→ Hu antibodies are frequently associated with small cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma.

→ Hu antibodies are rarely associated with non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer or seminoma.

The "Anti-Hydroxytryptamine" marker is an important indicator used to assess the potential for neurological disorders. Hydroxytryptamine, more commonly known as serotonin, is a crucial neurotransmitter in the human brain, playing a pivotal role in regulating mood, sleep, and digestion, among other vital functions. When the immune system produces antibodies against serotonin, indicated by the "Anti-Hydroxytryptamine" marker, it can signify an abnormal immune response that might affect neurological health. The presence of these antibodies could potentially lead to a variety of neurological conditions, as serotonin's normal function is disrupted, affecting the brain's communication pathways. 

These autoantibodies are found mainly in autoimmune encephalitis.

The Anti-IgE test measures specific antibodies in your blood that target Immunoglobulin E (IgE), a molecule involved in allergic responses. This test can help identify allergy-related conditions and assess immune system health, especially if you're considering or are already undergoing anti-IgE treatment.

Anti-intermyofibrillar is a Antimyocardial Antibody (= AMA). AMAs are a sign of heart damage. Higher levels are linked to several forms of heart disease. They can be found in the blood before you have any symptoms of heart disease.

Having these antibodies can be a sign of swelling of the membrane around your heart (pericarditis). Some people also develop AMAs after heart surgery or a heart attack. After a heart attack, your body may make antibodies against the heart protein troponin. This can slow healing. Research is currently being done on how to prevent this.

You might also have an AMA test done if your healthcare provider thinks you have rheumatic heart disease. This disease can develop as a complication of rheumatic fever.

Presence of Jo-1 (antihistidyl transfer RNA [t-RNA] synthetase) antibody is associated with polymyositis and may also be seen in patients with dermatomyositis.

Polymyositis is one of a group of rare diseases called the inflammatory myopathies that involve chronic (long-standing) muscle inflammation and weakness, and in some cases, pain. Myopathy is a general term used to describe a number of conditions affecting the muscles. All myopathies can cause muscle weakness.

Jo-1 antibody is also associated with pulmonary involvement (interstitial lung disease), Raynaud phenomenon, arthritis, and mechanic's hands (implicated in antisynthetase syndrome).

Anti-Jo-1 Ab (RDL), or Anti-Histidyl-tRNA Synthetase Antibody, is a pivotal serological marker extensively used in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune disorders, particularly Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies (IIM), including Polymyositis (PM) and Dermatomyositis (DM). This autoantibody targets the histidyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme, which is crucial in protein synthesis. The presence of Anti-Jo-1 Ab is considered a hallmark feature of the Anti-Synthetase Syndrome, a subtype of IIM characterized by a unique clinical triad: myositis, interstitial lung disease, and polyarthritis. Patients positive for Anti-Jo-1 Ab often exhibit more severe symptoms, with a pronounced pulmonary involvement and a higher risk of developing interstitial lung disease, which can be a major determinant of prognosis.

The Anti-La (SS-B) Antibody test is an important diagnostic tool for autoimmune disorders. This test specifically detects antibodies against the La (or SS-B) antigen, which is another key protein target in certain autoimmune diseases. The presence of Anti-La (SS-B) antibodies is closely associated with Sjögren's syndrome, a condition characterized by dry eyes and mouth due to immune-mediated damage to moisture-secreting glands.