Vitamin K is a group of fat-soluble vitamins. This group of vitamins includes two natural vitamins: vitamin K1 and vitamin K2. These Vitamins are structurally similar and their name comes from the German word “klotting”.

Vitamin K1, is also known as phylloquinone.

Vitamin K assists with blood clotting, supports the K formation of bone and bone matrix, and aids in
glucose to glycogen conversion for storage in the
liver.

The primary function of vitamin K is to aid in the formation of clotting factors and bone proteins. It serves as a cofactor in the production of six proteins that regulate blood clotting, including prothrombin. In addition, it helps to form osteocalcin, a protein necessary for the mineralization of bone.

Vitamin K also aids in the formation of glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver. In addition, it promotes the prevention and reversal of arterial calcification, plague progression and lipid peroxidation. Deficiency may increase the risk of calcification of arterial walls, particularly in individuals on vitamin D supplementation (Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption). Vitamin K exists in three forms: K1, a natural form found in plants (phylloquinone); K2, which is synthesized in the intestine (menaquinone); and K3, a synthetic form that must be activated in the liver (menadione).

Vitamin K is absorbed in the upper small intestines and transported throughout the body in chylomicrons.

Vitamin K is a group of fat-soluble vitamins. This group of vitamins includes two natural vitamins: vitamin K1 and vitamin K2.

Vitamin K2 is the main storage form of Vitamin K in animals. It has several forms, referred to as menaquinones.

The nomenclature denoting vitamin K2 types will include an‘MK’to specify this is a menaquinone and the number following this denotes how many isoprenyl units are on the side chain of the molecule. The most common forms are MK-4 and MK-7.

Bacteria in the colon can convert K1 (from K plant-based foods) into vitamin K2.

Vitamin K2 is necessary to prevent arterial 2 calcification, which it does by activating matrix GLA
protein (MGP). This matrix GLA protein is present in blood vessels and inhibits soft tissue calcification.

Matrix GLA protein needs to be carboxylated to work properly and Vitamin K2-MK7 plays a major role in this carboxylation.

Vitamin K is a group of fat-soluble vitamins. This group of vitamins includes two natural vitamins: vitamin K1 and vitamin K2.

Vitamin K2 is the main storage form of Vitamin K in animals. It has several forms, referred to as menaquinones.

The nomenclature denoting vitamin K2 types will include an‘MK’to specify this is a menaquinone and the number following this denotes how many isoprenyl units are on the side chain of the molecule. The most common forms are MK-4 and MK-7.

Bacteria in the colon can convert K1 (from K plant-based foods) into vitamin K2.

Vitamin K2 is necessary to prevent arterial 2 calcification, which it does by activating matrix GLA
protein (MGP). This matrix GLA protein is present in blood vessels and inhibits soft tissue calcification.

Matrix GLA protein needs to be carboxylated to work properly and Vitamin K2-MK7 plays a major role in this carboxylation.

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) is a type of lipoprotein produced by the liver that plays a key role in transporting triglycerides, a form of fat, through the bloodstream to be used or stored by the body. VLDL is considered a type of “bad” cholesterol because high levels contribute to the formation of plaque in the arteries—a process called atherosclerosis—which increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular conditions. While similar to LDL (low-density lipoprotein), which carries mostly cholesterol, VLDL carries mostly triglycerides and is often estimated using a triglyceride measurement (typically by dividing the triglyceride level by 5). Elevated VLDL levels are associated with poor diet, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, excessive alcohol intake, hypothyroidism, and certain medications. These particles are part of the body’s natural system for delivering fats and energy to tissues, but when present in excess, they can promote dangerous plaque buildup in the arteries. VLDL, LDL, and their remnant particles can lodge in artery walls, narrow blood vessels, and restrict oxygen-rich blood flow to the heart, brain, and other organs. High VLDL is particularly concerning when combined with other risk factors such as high LDL, low HDL (the "good" cholesterol), high blood pressure, and diabetes. Because there’s no direct test for VLDL, it’s usually assessed as part of a lipid panel, which includes total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides. Managing high VLDL levels often starts with lifestyle changes like reducing saturated fat and sugar intake, exercising regularly, avoiding alcohol, and addressing related conditions like obesity or insulin resistance. In some cases, medication may be necessary to help reduce cardiovascular risk. For most adults, cholesterol and lipid levels—including VLDL—should be checked every 4 to 6 years, or more often if risk factors are present.

Special proteins, apoproteins, play an important role in moving lipoproteins around the body and facilitating their interactions with other cells. The most important of these are the apoB class, residing on VLDL, IDL, and LDL particles, and the apoA-I class, residing for the most part on the HDL particles.

VLDL are one of the major triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. They carry endogenous, hepatically synthesized triglycerides, largely derived from dietary carbohydrate or from plasma NEFA (=Non-Esterified Fatty Acids), and are of a large size (30–60 nm diameter).

Each VLDL particle has a single molecule of a larger apoB form, apoB100, with other apolipoproteins (apoE and apoCs) being acquired in plasma from HDL.

The levels of VLDL are not the only thing that matters. The size and chemical makeup of VLDL particles also contribute to health risks.

VLDL size is dependent on the triglyceride content, with large buoyant triglyceride-enriched VLDL being formed at times of triglyceride excess.

This is a ratio calculated by dividing very low density lipoprotein cholesterol by triglycerides.

A high ratio is linked to abnormal lipid metabolism and increased risk of CVD events.

Optimal: <0.20

Borderline: 0.20 – 0.30

Increased Risk: >0.30

The VLDL-C/TG Ratio is a specialized marker used to evaluate your cardiovascular health more accurately. VLDL stands for Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, which is one of the five major types of lipoproteins that transport fats and cholesterol in the body. TG stands for triglycerides, another type of fat in your blood. Both VLDL-C and TG are important because they can impact your risk of developing heart disease. The VLDL-C/TG ratio is calculated by dividing the VLDL cholesterol level by the triglyceride level. This ratio can help doctors understand more about the composition and size of the particles carrying cholesterol in your blood. Smaller, denser particles are often considered more harmful because they can more easily penetrate the lining of arteries and form plaques, which can lead to blockages. By analyzing this ratio, healthcare providers can gain insights into your lipid profile and cardiovascular risk, beyond what traditional cholesterol tests offer. A high VLDL-C/TG ratio might indicate an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and could prompt further investigation or intervention to manage this risk. Understanding this marker can be crucial in tailoring a more effective treatment plan to protect your heart health.

If your levels are borderline:

A borderline elevated VLDL-C/TG ratio means that while your levels are not in the high-risk category, they are not entirely in the clear, either. This could imply a slightly increased risk of developing conditions like heart disease, especially if accompanied by other risk factors such as high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, or a family history of heart disease.

It's important to consider this marker in the context of a comprehensive lipid profile and your overall health. For some individuals, borderline elevated levels may prompt lifestyle modifications and possibly medical interventions to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. This might include changes in diet, increased physical activity, weight management, and possibly medication. Regular monitoring and a holistic approach to health can help manage this risk effectively. If you have borderline elevated VLDL-C/TG ratio levels, it's essential to discuss with your healthcare provider the best strategies for you to maintain or improve your cardiovascular health.

Vanilmandelate is a metabolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine (also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline).

Semen volume refers to the amount of seminal fluid ejaculated during a male's orgasm. On average, the volume of semen in a single ejaculation typically ranges between 2 to 5 milliliters, equivalent to approximately 0.12 to 0.31 cubic inches in volume for human males. However, this volume can vary among individuals and may be influenced by factors such as age, sexual activity, and overall health.

Semen volume is an essential aspect of male reproductive health, as it plays a role in delivering sperm to the female reproductive tract for fertilization. It is commonly analyzed in semen analysis tests to assess male fertility and reproductive function, as deviations from the normal volume may indicate underlying issues. It's important to note that the idea of increasing semen volume through products or methods is largely a myth, as it is primarily determined by individual biology and health factors, not external interventions.

O volume corpuscular médio (VCM) indica o volume médio das células vermelhas do sangue no corpo. Ele é frequentemente medido como parte dos índices de glóbulos vermelhos em um exame de hemograma completo. Os resultados dos índices de glóbulos vermelhos ajudam o profissional de saúde a determinar se há anemia e, em caso afirmativo, qual é o tipo de anemia.

O Volume Plaquetário Médio (MPV) é um cálculo que indica o tamanho médio das plaquetas no sangue. Essa medição é geralmente realizada como parte de um hemograma completo. Um MPV anormal, por si só, não é um indicativo de doença ou distúrbio. Os valores do MPV são comparados com outros tipos de contagens sanguíneas para fornecer ao profissional de saúde mais informações sobre possíveis condições médicas.