Function:

Myelin is the protective sheath surrounding nerves. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is believed to be important in the process of myelination, the building of myelin sheaths. Thus, MBP is often a target in the demyelination process in various neuroimmune disorders.

Function:

Myelin is the protective sheath surrounding nerves. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is believed to be important in the process of myelination, the building of myelin sheaths. Thus, MBP is often a target in the demyelination process in various neuroimmune disorders.

Myelocytes are immature white blood cells, primarily found in the bone marrow, and their presence in a peripheral blood sample is unusual and significant. A white blood cell (WBC) differential test, which measures the types and numbers of white blood cells in the bloodstream, can detect myelocytes.

The presence of these cells often indicates a disruption in the normal maturation process of white blood cells, commonly due to a hematological condition or bone marrow disorder. Conditions such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), other forms of leukemia, severe infections, or bone marrow stress can lead to the premature release of myelocytes into the bloodstream.

MPO identifies vulnerable plaque due to the breakdown of cells lining the blood vessels. This breakdown leads to white blood cells attacking the vessel wall and marks the progression of cardiovascular disease. Your result is in the desirable range suggesting that you may have a low probability of plaque rupture if cardiovascular disease is present.

MPO levels are associated with an increased risk for:

- Cardiovascular disease

- Myocardial infarction

Autoantibodies to myeloperoxidase (MPO) are commonly associated with the following small-vessel vasculitides:

- microscopic polyangiitis,

- polyarteritis nodosa,

- Churg-Strauss syndrome,

- necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis

- and occasionally granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, Wegener's).

The perinuclear IFA pattern, (p-ANCA) is based largely on autoantibody to myeloperoxidase which serves as the primary antigen. These autoantibodies are present in active disease.

Function:

Myocardial Peptides make up heart structure tissues.

Antibodies Appear:

- Acute Rheumatic Fever [6]

- Autoimmune Myocarditis [1, 2]

- Heart Disease [1, 2, 3]

- Heart Trauma [3, 4, 6]

- Rheumatic Heart Disease [6]

Myoglobin, Serum, is a key diagnostic marker, widely recognized in the medical field for its critical role in the early detection of muscle damage, including acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). Myoglobin is a small, oxygen-binding protein found primarily in heart and skeletal muscle tissues. When muscle tissue is damaged, myoglobin is rapidly released into the bloodstream, making its serum levels an important acute marker for muscle injury.

Myristic acid is a medium chain fatty acid (=MCFA). It is present in palm kernel oil, coconut oil, butterfat, milk and to some extent in animal fats.

Myristic acid is a medium chain fatty acid (=MCFA). It is present in palm kernel oil, coconut oil, butterfat, milk and to some extent in animal fats.

Myristoleic acid is one of the monounsaturated fatty acids.

N-Acetyl (2, hydroxypropyl) Cysteine (NAHP) is a metabolite of propylene oxide, which is majorly used to produce polyurethane plastics and fumigant. These materials are used in polyester resins for the textile and construction industries as well as for lubricants, surfactants, and oil demulsifiers. Propylene oxide has been classified as a possible human carcinogen. Frequent exposure may lead to an increased risk of cancer.

NACE is a metabolite of acrylonitrile, which is used in the production of acrylic fibers, resins, and rubber.

Acrylonitrile is metabolized by the cytochrome P450s and then conjugated to glutathione. Supplementation with glutathione should assist in the detoxification of acrylonitrile.

N-Acetyl (2-Cyanoethyl) Cysteine (NACE) is a metabolite formed as a result of exposure to acrylonitrile, a chemical found in a variety of products, including acrylic fiber clothing, carpeting, acrylonitrile-based plastics, and plastic food containers. Acrylonitrile can also leach into foods from these materials, and it is present in cigarette smoke.

Acute exposure to high levels of acrylonitrile, especially through inhalation, can lead to respiratory irritation, difficulty breathing, dizziness, cyanosis (bluish skin), limb weakness, and convulsions. Long-term exposure may cause symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, and general malaise. Acrylonitrile is primarily metabolized by the liver, where it is conjugated with glutathione by glutathione transferases. This process leads to the formation of N-Acetyl (2-Cyanoethyl) Cysteine, which is then excreted in the urine.

N-Acetyl (3,4-Dihydroxybutyl) Cysteine (NADB) is a metabolite produced as a result of exposure to 1,3-butadiene, a petrochemical primarily used in the production of synthetic rubber, including materials for car and truck tires. It is also an environmental pollutant found in car exhaust, fuel combustion for energy or heating, and cigarette smoke.

Exposure to 1,3-butadiene has been linked to significant health risks, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified 1,3-butadiene as a human carcinogen. While the exact metabolic process of 1,3-butadiene in humans is not fully understood, it is known that the primary route of exposure is inhalation. Around half of inhaled 1,3-butadiene is exhaled directly, while the remainder is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine.

N-Acetyl (Carbomethyl) Cysteine is a metabolite formed as a result of exposure to acrylamide, a chemical that is produced when starchy foods like potatoes, grains, and coffee beans are cooked at high temperatures. Other sources of acrylamide exposure include cigarette smoke, as it is generated during the combustion of tobacco, and certain cosmetic products where acrylamide may be present as a contaminant.

Acrylamide exposure has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly affecting organs such as the kidneys, ovaries, and uterus. It has also been associated with neurotoxicity, which can lead to cognitive and motor impairments. Other potential health risks include genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease.

NAPR is a metabolite of 1-bromopropane. Chronic exposure can lead to decreased cognitive function and impairment of the central nervous system.  Acute exposure can lead to headaches.

1-bromopropane is an organic solvent used for metal cleaning, foam gluing, and dry cleaning. Studies have shown that 1-BP is a neurotoxin as well as a reproductive toxin. Research indicates that exposure to 1-BP can cause sensory and motor deficits. Chronic exposure can lead to decreased cognitive function and impairment of the central nervous system. Acute exposure can lead to headaches.

N-acetyl phenyl cysteine (NAP) is a metabolite derived from benzene, a chemical that has been widely used in the past as an industrial solvent. Due to its toxicity and associated health risks, the use of benzene has been significantly reduced. However, exposure to benzene can still occur in occupational settings, as well as in the general environment and at home, due to the widespread use of benzene-containing petroleum products such as motor fuels and solvents.

Benzene exposure has been linked to a range of health issues, including respiratory, hepatic (liver), cardiovascular, immune, nervous, and endocrine system dysfunctions. Monitoring NAP levels can help assess an individual’s exposure to benzene and provide insights into potential health risks associated with this toxic compound.

N-acetyl phenyl cysteine (NAP) is a metabolite of benzene. 

Benzene is an organic solvent that is widespread in the environment. Benzene is a by-product of all types of industrial processes and combustion, including motor vehicle exhaust and cigarette smoke, and is released by outgassing from synthetic materials. Benzene is an extremely toxic chemical that is mutagenic and carcinogenic. High exposures to benzene cause symptoms of nausea, vomiting, dizziness, lack of coordination, central nervous system depression, and death. It can also cause hematological abnormalities.

NAPR is a metabolite of 1-bromopropane.  Chronic exposure can lead to decreased cognitive function and impairment of the central nervous system.  Acute exposure can lead to headaches.

1-bromopropane is an organic solvent used for metal cleaning, foam gluing, and dry cleaning. Studies have shown that 1-BP is a neurotoxin as well as a reproductive toxin. Research indicates that exposure to 1-BP can cause sensory and motor deficits. Chronic exposure can lead to decreased cognitive function and impairment of the central nervous system. Acute exposure can lead to headaches.