Palmitoleic acid (POA) is a monounsaturated omega-7 fatty acid (16:1n7).

The main dietary sources of palmitoleic acid include dairy products, avocado oils, oily fish, and macadamia nuts. Macadamia nuts contain the cis- isomer of POA, while dairy products mainly contain the trans- isomer. Like many fatty acids, POA can also be endogenously made from the breakdown of triglycerides, the desaturation of palmitic acid, or de novo synthesis from carbohydrates. POA is an important signaling lipokine, produced mainly by white adipose tissue, that regulates important metabolic processes such as skeletal muscle glucose disposal, insulin sensitivity, and hepatic lipid deposition. It is also a modulator of adipocyte lipolysis, however, studies are mixed as to POA’s specific role in obesity. Epidemiologic studies show that circulating POA levels are involved in cholesterol metabolism and hemostasis, though the results are mixed as to their specific cardiovascular outcomes.

Palmitoleic acid (POA) is a monounsaturated omega-7 fatty acid (16:1n7).

The main dietary sources of palmitoleic acid include dairy products, avocado oils, oily fish, and macadamia nuts. Macadamia nuts contain the cis- isomer of POA, while dairy products mainly contain the trans- isomer. Like many fatty acids, POA can also be endogenously made from the breakdown of triglycerides, the desaturation of palmitic acid, or de novo synthesis from carbohydrates. POA is an important signaling lipokine, produced mainly by white adipose tissue, that regulates important metabolic processes such as skeletal muscle glucose disposal, insulin sensitivity, and hepatic lipid deposition. It is also a modulator of adipocyte lipolysis, however, studies are mixed as to POA’s specific role in obesity. Epidemiologic studies show that circulating POA levels are involved in cholesterol metabolism and hemostasis, though the results are mixed as to their specific cardiovascular outcomes.

Trans-Cinnamoylglycine is one component of the Acylglycines panel.

Acylglycines are an important class of metabolites that are used in the diagnosis of several organic acidurias and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders.

Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine playing a pivotal role in regulating a wide range of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune responses. As a member of the Transforming Growth Factor Beta superfamily of cytokines, TGF-β1 is particularly noted for its dual role in both promoting and inhibiting tumor formation. In normal physiological conditions, TGF-β1 functions as a critical regulator of tissue homeostasis, exerting potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. It helps maintain the balance in the immune system and prevents autoimmune responses.

Transferrin is the main protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it throughout the body. A transferrin test directly measures the level in the blood.

The Transferrin Receptor, a critical protein in iron metabolism, plays a pivotal role in diagnosing and managing iron-related disorders, making it an essential biomarker in modern medical diagnostics. This receptor, found on the surface of most cells, particularly erythroblasts, binds to transferrin, the primary iron transport protein in the blood, facilitating the uptake of iron into cells. Measuring the levels of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) in the blood provides crucial insights into the body's iron status, especially in distinguishing between iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease.

Transferrin saturation (TSAT) is the ratio of serum iron and total iron-binding capacity. All three measurements are used to help determine the cause of iron levels that are abnormally high or abnormally low. TS may also be used to identify the presence and type of anemia.

Transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional peptide growth factor that has an important role in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and repair in a variety of tissues.

Transglutaminases are a family of enzymes. They form protein polymers, like scaffolding, which are vital in the formation of barriers and stable structures. The Transglutaminase found in the gastrointestinal tract is responsible for the conversion of glutamine to glutamic acid.

Commercial food industry uses transglutaminase to bind proteins together in the making of processed meats, including fish and imitation meats.

Known Cross-Reactions: Fibrinogen, Transglutaminase-3 and -6

Tissue Transglutaminase-2 (tTG2) -- Transglutaminases are enzymes with multiple functions. One of the key functions is to build tissue structures. tTG2 is found throughout the body, but is the predominant enzyme in the intestinal villi. This makes it a preferred biomarker for possible Celiac disease.

Tissue Transglutaminase-3 (tTG3) -- The transglutaminase found in skin and hair shaft follicles is tTG3. In some individuals, the ingestion of gluten causes eruptions on the skin known as dermatitis herpetiformis. Adherence to the gluten-free diet can clear the skin of these eruptions.

Tissue Transglutaminase-3 (tTG3) -- The transglutaminase found in skin and hair shaft follicles is tTG3. In some individuals, the ingestion of gluten causes eruptions on the skin known as dermatitis herpetiformis. Adherence to the gluten-free diet can clear the skin of these eruptions.

Tissue Transglutaminase-6 (tTG6) -- The transglutaminase found in the brain and nervous system is tTG6. In some individuals, the ingestion of gluten causes neurological manifestations, such as gluten ataxia (walking or balance disorder) or peripheral neuropathy (tingling in the legs or feet). Adherence to the gluten-free diet can improve these neurological conditions.

Tissue Transglutaminase-6 (tTG6) -- The transglutaminase found in the brain and nervous system is tTG6. In some individuals, the ingestion of gluten causes neurological manifestations, such as gluten ataxia (walking or balance disorder) or peripheral neuropathy (tingling in the legs or feet). Adherence to the gluten-free diet can improve these neurological conditions.

The marker "Transitional CD38+IgM+ %" on a Lymphocyte Subset Panel is an important parameter used in the evaluation of immune system health, specifically focusing on a particular subset of B lymphocytes. This marker identifies transitional B cells, which are a stage of B cell development occurring after they leave the bone marrow and before they become fully mature. CD38 and IgM are both molecules found on the surface of these cells. CD38 is a glycoprotein involved in cell activation and signaling, while IgM is a type of antibody that these cells produce in early stages. The percentage of these transitional CD38+IgM+ B cells among the total lymphocytes provides valuable information about the immune system's status and its ability to respond to infections or other immune challenges. In clinical settings, assessing the proportion of these cells helps in diagnosing and monitoring immune disorders, including certain types of immunodeficiencies and autoimmune diseases. This measurement is especially crucial in evaluating the immune system's maturity and functional capacity in young individuals or in patients undergoing immune restoration therapies.

Transitional CD38+IgM+ B cells are an intermediate stage in B cell development, bridging immature B cells in the bone marrow to mature B cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Defined by high CD38 expression and surface IgM as their predominant immunoglobulin isotype, these cells play a key role in establishing the initial B cell repertoire, maintaining central tolerance by eliminating autoreactive clones, and contributing to early immune responses. They are subdivided into T1, T2, and T3 subsets, with T1 being the most immature. Dysregulation of transitional B cells is associated with immune imbalances: elevated levels are linked to autoimmune diseases like SLE and rheumatoid arthritis, while reduced levels suggest primary immunodeficiencies such as CVID or XLA. Monitoring transitional CD38+IgM+ B cells provides valuable insights into B cell development, immune reconstitution, and the pathogenesis of immune disorders.