The measurement of thyroid stimulating autoantibodies, in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory findings, is used as an aid in the diagnosis of patients suspected of having Graves' disease.

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is one of the most important hormones currently used to diagnose thyroid abnormalities. This glycoprotein is secreted by the pituitary and stimulates release of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) from the thyroid gland.

TSH release from the pituitary is controlled by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation and negative feedback from free T3 and free T4.

The Thyrotropin Receptor Ab test detects the autoantibody that's associated with Graves' disease. An antibody is a specialized protein made by your immune system. Antibodies are custom made to kill pathogens in your body, such as viruses or bacteria.

Thyrotropin is also called thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH. TSH binds to receptors on the thyroid gland to tell it to produce thyroid hormone. The thyrotropin receptor antibody mimics TSH, so when it's present, it directs the thyroid to keep releasing hormone when your body doesn't need it. That results in high levels of thyroid hormones, which is what causes symptoms. If the thyrotropin receptor antibody is present, it's an indicator of Graves' disease.

Thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) is produced in the liver and is the primary circulating (transport) protein that binds thyroid hormones3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and carries them in the bloodstream.

Thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) is produced in the liver and is the primary circulating (transport) protein that binds thyroid hormones3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and carries them in the bloodstream.

What is Tickborne Encephalitis Virus – IgG?

Tickborne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) is a virus that causes tickborne encephalitis (TBE)—a serious infection affecting the brain and central nervous system. TBEV is transmitted through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks, and is most commonly found in parts of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Northern and Eastern Asia.

The IgG antibody test for TBEV detects long-term immune response to the virus. IgG antibodies typically develop several weeks after infection or vaccination and can remain in the bloodstream for months or years, indicating past exposure, recovery from infection, or prior vaccination.

What is Tickborne Encephalitis Virus – IgM?

Tickborne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) is a virus that causes tickborne encephalitis (TBE), a potentially serious illness affecting the brain and central nervous system. TBEV is spread through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks and is most common in parts of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and northern and eastern Asia.

The IgM antibody test detects the body’s initial immune response to the virus. IgM antibodies are the first type produced by the immune system after exposure to an infection—usually appearing within 1 to 2 weeks. Because of this, an elevated IgM level typically indicates a recent or active infection with TBEV.

What Does a Medium Result Mean?

A medium IgM result indicates a moderate level of early antibodies, which may reflect:

• An early stage of infection, where the immune response is still increasing

• A declining IgM response, as the body transitions to producing longer-term IgG antibodies

• A borderline or nonspecific response, which may require confirmation with additional testing

Medium results should be interpreted alongside clinical symptoms, travel or exposure history, and other tests such as TBEV IgG or PCR.

Tiglylglycine is a marker for mitochondrial dysfunction. Mutations of mitochondria DNA may result from exposure to toxic chemicals, infections, inflammation, and nutritional deficiencies.

Tiglylglycine (TG) is an organic acid and a biomarker of mitochondrial function. It is produced when the body metabolizes the amino acid isoleucine. In healthy individuals, mitochondria—the “power plants” of our cells—process it efficiently, keeping TG levels very low.

When TG levels are elevated in urine, it may indicate mitochondrial dysfunction or, in rare cases, an inherited metabolic disorder. For this reason, TG is often included in organic acids tests as part of evaluating cellular energy health.

A moderate level of Tiglylglycine (TG) in urine suggests your mitochondria—the parts of your cells that produce energy—may not be working at full efficiency. This level is above the expected range but not as high as those seen in severe mitochondrial dysfunction or rare genetic disorders. Moderate results often reflect stress on the mitochondria from triggers such as toxin exposure, inflammation, chronic infection, or nutritional deficiencies. While not immediately dangerous, this finding means your body may be struggling with energy metabolism, which can contribute to symptoms like fatigue, muscle weakness, or brain fog. Supporting mitochondrial health through better nutrition, detoxification strategies, and lifestyle changes can help bring levels back toward the optimal range.

SOURCES:

Found in manufacturing, food, packaging, solder, bronzing, dyeing textiles, plastics, PVC pipes, fungicides, toothpaste, perfume, soap, food additives, electronic, cigarette aerosol, and dyes. Naturally present and rocks and nearby air, water, and soil. Seafood is the primary route of human exposure to tin compounds. Tin is found in both organic and inorganic forms. Inorganic tin is generally regarded as safe by the FDA as a food additive for human consumption.

Nutrient interactions:

Tin disturbs copper, zinc, and iron metabolism.

SOURCES:

Found in manufacturing, food, packaging, solder, bronzing, dyeing textiles, plastics, PVC pipes, fungicides, toothpaste, perfume, soap, food additives, electronic, cigarette aerosol, and dyes. Naturally present and rocks and nearby air, water, and soil. Seafood is the primary route of human exposure to tin compounds. Tin is found in both organic and inorganic forms. Inorganic tin is generally regarded as safe by the FDA as a food additive for human consumption.

Nutrient interactions:

Tin disturbs copper, zinc, and iron metabolism.

Hair Tin (Sn) levels have been found to correlate with environmental exposure. Depending on chemical form, Sn is a potentially toxic element. Inorganic Sn has a low degree of toxicity, while organic Sn has appreciable toxicity. Inorganic Sn is used as flame-proofing treatment in textiles, as a wood preservative, and has various uses in the glass industry. Sn is also used in tin plate electrolysis for Sn alloy coatings.

Urinary tin (Sn) provides an indication of recent or ongoing exposure to the metal, and endogenous detoxification to a lesser extent. Sn has no known physiological function in the body. Inorganic Sn has a low potential for toxicity, while organic Sn may have appreciable toxic effects.

Metallic Sn and inorganic Sn compounds are normally found in small amounts in soil, food and air. Exposure to Sn compounds may be much higher in close proximity to hazardous waste sites. Inorganic Sn is poorly absorbed from the gut. The main source of Sn is food. Canned tomatoes, tomato products, pineapple, pears and similar fruits contain the highest concentrations of Sn. The Sn concentrations of food increase with storage in opened cans.