Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a major catecholamine metabolite that is produced by a consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-Omethyltransferase on dopamine. HVA is associated with dopamine levels in the brain. Dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a major excitatory neurotransmitter that functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter and plays several important roles in the brain and body. It is synthesized in the brain and kidneys. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter that acts on several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior.

Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a major catecholamine metabolite that is produced by a consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-Omethyltransferase on dopamine. HVA is associated with dopamine levels in the brain. Dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a major excitatory neurotransmitter that functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter and plays several important roles in the brain and body. It is synthesized in the brain and kidneys. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter that acts on several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior.

The adult nematodes attach to the wall of the small intestine and suck blood. The hookworm life cycle also includes migration through the circulation to the heart and lungs, and into the oropharynx. Infection occurs when larvae from fecally-contaminated soil penetrate human skin. A. duodenale is widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin, India, China, Japan, and the Pacific coastal areas of South America
but is rare in the USA and equatorial Africa. N. americanus is the predominant hookworm of Central and South Africa, southern Asia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. It is widely distributed in the southern USA, on islands of the Caribbean, and on the Atlantic side of Central and South America. About 25% of the world’s population is infected with hookworms.

What is Hormodendrum IgE?

Hormodendrum IgE is a blood test that measures your immune system’s response to a specific type of mold known as Hormodendrum, a genus of fungi now often classified under Cladosporium. These molds are commonly found in outdoor and indoor environments, especially in soil, decaying plants, and damp or poorly ventilated areas of homes and buildings.

When your immune system is sensitive to Hormodendrum mold, it may produce Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in response to exposure. This immune response can trigger allergy symptoms.

HPHPA is a clostridia metabolite and dysbiosis marker and stands for 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid.

HPHPA is a clostridia metabolite and dysbiosis marker and stands for 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid.

HPHPA is an indicator for dysbiosis due to overgrowth of Clostridia bacteria (e.g., C. sporogenes, C. caloritolerans, and C. botulinum) in the GI tract. This metabolite was found in higher concentrations in urine samples of children with autism compared to age and sex appropriate controls. This metabolite inhibits the enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, leading to a derangement of neurotransmitter balance. Consider testing the complete neurotransmitter cascade to observe all marker levels.

HPHPA is a clostridia metabolite and dysbiosis marker and stands for 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid.

HPHPA is a clostridia metabolite and dysbiosis marker and stands for 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid.

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that causes peptic ulcer disease and plays a role in the development of gastric cancer. Direct stool testing of the antigen (HpSA) is highly accurate and is appropriate for diagnosis and follow-up of infection.

Human Papillomavirus, or HPV, is a common virus that spreads through skin-to-skin contact, usually during sexual activity. While most HPV infections clear up on their own, some can lead to serious health problems, including certain types of cancer and genital warts.The good news is that there's a safe and effective vaccine to protect against the most harmful types of HPV. This vaccine is recommended for both boys and girls, typically starting around age 11 or 12, but it can be given as early as age 9.

HPV Genotype 16 is one of the most common and high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). It is considered the most aggressive strain in terms of its potential to cause cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers, including anal, throat, and penile cancers.

When tested, a positive result for HPV 16 means that this specific high-risk virus is present in your cervical cells. HPV 16 is responsible for about 50% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide. Because of its strong link to cancer, identifying this genotype is important for guiding follow-up care and treatment decisions.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a general indicator of inflammation in the body. The inflammation can be acute and caused by infection or injury. Inflammation can also be chronic, which typically points toward more serious diseases.  High-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) tests are commonly ordered to determine your risk of cardiovascular disease.